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Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023 American Community Survey Briefs By Katherine Engel and Kirby G. Posey ACSBR-023 September 2024 INTRODUCTION This brief presents statistics on median household income and the Gini index of income inequality based on the 2023 (and earlier) American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates and the Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS).1 This brief examines a historical time series of median household income back to 2005 and analyzes changes in median household income between 2022 and 2023 for the nation, states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the 25 most populous metropolitan areas. It also includes selected demographic characteristics of the householder. Changes in the Gini index between 2022 and 2023 are presented for the nation, states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The ACS data (including the PRCS) provide detailed estimates of demographic, social, economic, and hous- ing characteristics for states, congressional districts, counties, places, and other localities every year.2 The ACS is described in more detail in the text box “What Is the American Community Survey?” The ACS is conducted monthly, with income data collected for the 12 months preceding each interview. Income estimates from the 2023 ACS are based on responses collected during 2023. This information 1 The U.S. Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data used to produce this product (Data Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY24-0138). All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level, unless otherwise noted. may reflect income received in some months of 2022. References to income estimates in 2023 in this brief correspond to estimates from the 2023 ACS. Therefore, comparing the 2022 ACS with the 2023 ACS is not an exact comparison of the economic conditions in 2022 with those in 2023, and comparisons should be interpreted with caution.3 HIGHLIGHTS • Median household income increased in three states (Florida, Nebraska, and Vermont) and decreased in four states (Alaska, Delaware, Georgia, and Pennsylvania) from 2022 after adjusting for inflation. Forty-three states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico showed no statistically significant differences. • Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maryland had the highest median household income of all states ($99,858, $99,781, and $98,678, respectively) and were not statistically different from each other. The median household income ($108,210) for the District of Columbia was the highest in the nation. Mississippi had the lowest median household income ($54,203) of any state. • Income inequality measured by the Gini index increased in three states (Alaska, Delaware, and Georgia) and decreased in ten states (Alabama, California, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Dakota, and West Virginia) between the 2022 and the 2023 ACS. 2 The text of this report discusses statistics for the United States, 3 For a discussion of this and related issues, refer to Howard including the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Statistics for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, collected with the Puerto Rico Community Survey, are included in Table 1, Figure 2, and Figure 4. Hogan’s “Measuring Population Change Using the American Community Survey,” Applied Demography in the 21st Century, Steven H. Murdock and David A. Swanson (eds.), Springer, Netherlands, 2008. MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME: 2022 AND 2023 NATIONAL AND STATE COMPARISONS The U.S. median household income was $77,719, according to the ACS (Table 1). There was no statistically significant change in real median household income in the United States between the 2022 ACS and the 2023 ACS.4 Figure 1 shows 4 “Real” refers to income after adjusting for inflation. All income estimates in this report are inflation-adjusted to 2023 dollars. Inflation adjustments are computed using the Consumer Price Index retroactive series using current methods (R-CPI-U-RS). Household income: Includes income of the householder and all other people 15 years and older in the household, whether or not they are related to the householder. Median: The point that divides the household income distribution into halves, one-half with income above the median and the other with income below the median. The median is based on the income distribution of all households, including those with no income. Gini index: A summary measure of income inequality. The Gini index varies from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating perfect equality, where there is a proportional distribution of income. A Gini index of 1 indicates perfect inequality, where one household has all the income. Figure 1. Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months in the United States: 2005–2023 (In thousands of 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars) Recession 80 75 70 65 60 55 0 2005 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18 ‘19 ‘20 ‘21 ‘22 2023 Note: Estimates for 2020 experimental data not shown. For more information on the 2020 experimental data products, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user-notes/2021-02.html>. Information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions is available at <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005–2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. 2 U.S. Census Bureau Table 1. Median Household Income and Gini Index in the Past 12 Months by State and Puerto Rico: 2022 and 2023 (In 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars. Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group quarters) 2022 ACS median household income (dollars) 2023 ACS median household income (dollars) Change in median income (percent) 2023 ACS Gini index 2022 ACS Gini index Change in Gini index (percent) State Margin of error¹ Margin of error¹ Margin of error¹ Margin of error¹ Margin of error¹ United States . . . . . . . Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts . . . . . . . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . North Dakota . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . South Carolina . . . . . . . South Dakota . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . Estimate 77,839 62,135 91,757 77,644 57,719 95,328 92,986 92,077 85,564 105,194 72,162 75,841 96,272 75,787 79,873 69,540 72,459 71,768 61,789 57,702 72,411 98,910 98,386 69,750 85,734 54,894 67,485 70,421 72,468 75,317 93,704 100,320 62,190 82,839 70,265 74,939 68,431 62,134 78,778 74,759 85,230 66,760 72,605 67,945 75,266 92,846 77,044 89,415 95,073 56,570 73,925 72,931 25,106 (±) Estimate 77,719 62,212 86,631 77,315 58,700 95,521 92,911 91,665 81,361 108,210 73,311 74,632 95,322 74,942 80,306 69,477 71,433 70,333 61,118 58,229 73,733 98,678 99,858 69,183 85,086 54,203 68,545 70,804 74,590 76,364 96,838 99,781 62,268 82,095 70,804 76,525 67,769 62,138 80,160 73,824 84,972 67,804 71,810 67,631 75,780 93,421 81,211 89,931 94,605 55,948 74,631 72,415 25,621 154 758 2,919 970 1,034 490 1,334 1,758 2,085 2,850 642 666 2,334 1,181 607 686 926 1,199 962 834 1,556 1,124 1,312 702 780 932 763 1,558 1,216 1,068 2,406 1,160 1,360 752 649 2,157 644 718 1,229 580 2,272 728 2,216 883 460 1,881 2,300 794 875 1,391 671 2,985 536 (±) Estimate –0.2 0.1 *–5.6 –0.4 1.7 0.2 –0.1 –0.4 *–4.9 2.9 *1.6 *–1.6 –1.0 –1.1 0.5 –0.1 –1.4 –2.0 –1.1 0.9 1.8 –0.2 1.5 –0.8 –0.8 –1.3 1.6 0.5 *2.9 1.4 3.3 –0.5 0.1 –0.9 0.8 2.1 –1.0 Z 1.8 *–1.3 –0.3 1.6 –1.1 –0.5 0.7 0.6 *5.4 0.6 –0.5 –1.1 1.0 –0.7 2.1 186 711 2,575 931 1,155 611 1,057 1,473 1,668 6,847 577 833 2,478 1,126 635 808 1,135 1,182 653 1,143 1,699 1,292 1,355 694 768 1,260 900 1,475 1,340 1,451 2,243 1,061 1,281 500 547 1,844 731 480 1,045 511 2,566 1,049 2,132 865 472 1,383 2,608 970 1,221 1,052 774 2,357 602 (±) Estimate 0.486 0.3 0.485 1.7 0.428 4.1 0.467 1.7 0.480 2.7 0.495 0.8 0.457 1.8 0.501 2.5 0.441 3.0 0.511 7.1 0.490 1.2 0.474 1.4 0.457 3.5 0.443 2.1 0.484 1.1 0.456 1.5 0.451 2.0 0.463 2.3 0.485 1.9 0.492 2.5 0.460 3.2 0.459 1.7 0.498 1.9 0.469 1.4 0.456 1.3 0.481 2.8 0.469 1.8 0.465 3.1 0.461 2.5 0.469 2.4 0.447 3.6 0.482 1.6 0.480 3.0 0.521 1.1 0.477 1.2 0.468 3.8 0.469 1.4 0.474 1.4 0.468 2.1 0.478 1.0 0.464 4.0 0.476 1.9 0.449 4.2 0.469 1.8 0.480 0.9 0.426 2.5 0.445 4.6 0.476 1.4 0.474 1.6 0.480 3.1 0.451 1.4 0.444 5.2 0.548 3.2 (±) Estimate 0.483 0.477 0.449 0.465 0.474 0.487 0.458 0.495 0.456 0.516 0.483 0.479 0.451 0.440 0.481 0.454 0.446 0.452 0.476 0.497 0.451 0.456 0.488 0.466 0.454 0.484 0.461 0.460 0.463 0.463 0.445 0.479 0.477 0.516 0.473 0.445 0.470 0.474 0.464 0.477 0.466 0.472 0.462 0.476 0.479 0.423 0.455 0.472 0.470 0.468 0.448 0.446 0.548 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.006 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.010 0.003 0.004 0.009 0.010 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.008 0.003 0.004 0.013 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.014 0.006 0.013 0.004 0.002 0.006 0.010 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.017 0.008 (±) Estimate *–0.7 *–1.6 *5.0 –0.3 –1.2 *–1.7 0.2 –1.1 *3.4 1.0 *–1.5 *1.1 –1.4 –0.7 –0.6 –0.5 –1.1 *–2.5 *–1.8 1.1 –2.0 –0.6 *–1.9 –0.6 –0.4 0.8 *–1.7 –1.1 0.5 –1.1 –0.4 –0.4 –0.5 *–1.0 –0.8 *–4.9 0.1 –0.1 –0.9 –0.1 0.5 –0.9 3.0 1.4 –0.1 –0.9 2.2 –0.7 –0.8 *–2.6 –0.7 0.4 0.1 0.001 0.006 0.012 0.005 0.006 0.002 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.013 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.008 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.003 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.018 0.009 Margin of error¹ (±) 0.2 1.6 4.2 1.6 2.0 0.6 1.4 1.6 3.4 3.2 0.8 1.1 2.6 2.8 0.8 1.3 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.3 2.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.3 2.2 1.4 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.7 1.0 2.2 0.8 0.9 3.4 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.9 4.0 1.7 4.4 1.5 0.7 1.9 3.0 1.0 1.1 2.5 1.3 5.5 2.3 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Z Represents or rounds to zero. ¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates; 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau 3 Figure 2. Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2023 AK 0 500 Miles WA OR ID MT WY NV UT CA CO AZ NM HI 0 100 Miles ND SD NE TX KS OK MN IA MO AR LA WI MI NY IL IN OH WV KY TN PA VA NC MS AL GA SC FL 0 100 Miles ME VT NH MA CT NJ DE MD RI DC Income by state (2023 inflation-adjusted dollars) $85,000 or more $70,000 to $84,999 $60,000 to $69,999 Less than $60,000 U.S. median household income is $77,719. U.S. median household income does not include Puerto Rico. PR 0 50 Miles Note: A state abbreviation surrounded by the " " symbol denotes the value for the state is not statistically different from the U.S. median household income. For more information about sample design, methodology, and accuracy of the data, visit <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates; 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. a historical series of median household income back to 2005.5 Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maryland had the highest median household incomes of all states ($99,858, $99,781, and $98,678, respectively); there was no statistical difference 5 Due to data collection challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 ACS data were not released and are not used in this report. Year-to-year comparisons were only made between years with standard data collection and were not made between 2019 and 2020, and between 2020 and 2021. For more information on the 2020 experimental data, refer to <www.census.gov/programs- surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user- notes/2021-02.html>. among the three. The District of Columbia’s median household income ($108,210) was the highest in the nation. Mississippi had the lowest median household income ($54,203) of any state. Puerto Rico’s median household income in 2023 was $25,621 (Table 1 and Figure 2). Median household income was lower than the U.S. median in 28 states and Puerto Rico. It was higher than the U.S. median in 19 states and the District of Columbia. The medians for Arizona, Nevada, and North Dakota were not statistically different from the U.S. median. Between the 2022 ACS and the 2023 ACS, three states—Florida, Nebraska, and Vermont—showed a significant increase in real median household income. Four states— Alaska, Delaware, Georgia, and Pennsylvania—showed a decrease in real median household income. Real median household income in 2023 was not statistically different from the 2022 ACS for 43 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico (Table 1). 4 U.S. Census Bureau Table 2. Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months by the 25 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 2022 and 2023 (In 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars) Metropolitan area 2022 ACS median household income (dollars) 2023 ACS median household income (dollars) Change in median income (percent) Estimate Margin of error¹ (±) Estimate Margin of error¹ (±) Estimate Margin of error¹ (±) Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Louis, MO-IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,378 94,238 108,601 80,337 86,334 86,240 103,058 74,205 77,951 91,363 73,688 95,109 95,340 74,822 87,593 86,303 92,996 86,219 73,448 103,009 133,437 111,319 77,605 72,148 122,276 86,505 1,068 1,507 94,289 1,428 110,697 81,262 1,367 87,071 988 1,064 86,860 1,592 103,055 72,574 1,091 79,463 999 91,960 914 76,271 1,122 95,102 1,142 95,220 635 77,378 1,432 86,867 1,016 85,700 1,400 94,925 1,556 1,544 87,843 73,195 1,511 2,356 103,674 2,414 127,792 1,323 110,744 1,118 78,224 72,743 1,325 1,379 121,469 862 1,744 1,909 1,347 941 1,138 1,506 867 1,117 779 970 1,280 777 1,827 1,004 1,382 1,706 1,368 1,812 1,360 2,654 1,836 1,469 1,336 1,331 *–2.1 0.1 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 Z *–2.2 *1.9 0.7 *3.5 Z –0.1 *3.4 –0.8 –0.7 2.1 1.9 –0.3 0.6 *–4.2 –0.5 0.8 0.8 –0.7 1.5 2.4 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.1 3.1 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.0 2.4 2.6 1.6 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Z Represents or rounds to zero. ¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group quarters. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates. MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME: 25 MOST POPULOUS METROPOLITAN AREAS Table 2 shows median household income for the 25 most populous metropolitan areas.6 6 Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs or metro areas) are geographic entities delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) or use by federal statistical agencies in collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics. A metro area contains a core urban area with a population of 50,000 or more individuals. For more information, refer to <www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/metro-micro/about/omb- standards.html>. According to the 2023 ACS, median household income ranged from $127,792 in the San Francisco metro area to $72,574 in the Detroit metro area.7 Median income increased between 2022 and 2023 in the Houston, Miami, and Orlando metro areas. Median 7 Median household income for the Detroit metro area was not statistically different from the median household income for the San Antonio and Tampa metro areas. household income decreased in the Atlanta, Detroit, and San Francisco metro areas. The remaining 19 metro areas did not have a statistically significant change between 2022 and 2023 (Figure 3). U.S. Census Bureau 5 Figure 3. Median Household Income in the Past 12 Months by tthhee 25 Most Populous Metro Areas: 2022 and 2023 (In thousands of 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars) 2022 2023 *San Francisco Washington, DC Seattle Boston San Diego Denver New York Minneapolis Portland Baltimore Los Angeles Riverside Chicago Philadelphia Dallas *Atlanta Phoenix Charlotte *Houston St. Louis *Orlando *Miami San Antonio Tampa *Detroit 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Note: Information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions is available at <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME: RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER This brief uses the characteristics of the householder to describe the household. Characteristics of household members may be different from those of the householder.8 Table 3 shows median household income by race and Hispanic origin of the householder. 8 The householder refers to the person (or one of the people) in whose name the hous- ing unit is owned or rented (maintained) or, if there is no such person, any adult mem- ber, excluding roomers, boarders, or paid employees. If the house is owned or rented jointly by a married couple, the house- holder may be either spouse. The number of householders is equal to the number of households. 6 U.S. Census Bureau Table 3. Household Income by Selected Characteristics: 2022 and 2023 (In 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars) Characteristic HOUSEHOLDS 2022 ACS median household income (dollars) 2023 ACS median household income (dollars) Change in median income (percent) Estimate Margin of error1 (±) Estimate Margin of error1 (±) Estimate Margin of error1 (±) All households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,839 154 77,719 186 –0.2 White, not Hispanic Race and Hispanic origin of householder White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hispanic (any race) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age of householder Under 25 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 to 44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 years and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,231 83,720 53,493 111,366 68,599 43,815 87,240 94,491 56,189 209 192 345 621 359 337 267 319 183 82,531 83,121 53,927 111,817 69,467 44,846 87,673 94,612 56,038 203 213 428 801 422 523 310 370 186 *–0.8 *–0.7 0.8 0.4 *1.3 *2.4 *0.5 0.1 –0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. ¹ Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number when added to and subtracted from the estimate forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: Data are limited to the household population and exclude the population living in institutions, college dormitories, and other group quarters. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and defintions, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates; 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. Median household income in 2023 ranged from $111,817 for Asian households to $53,927 for Black households.9 Hispanic households 9 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group, such as Asian, may be defined as those who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single- race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or- in-combination concept). This report shows data using the race alone approach. Use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The U.S. Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. In this report, the terms “White, not Hispanic” and “non- Hispanic White” are used interchangeably and refer to people who are not Hispanic and who reported White and no other race. Since Hispanic people may be any race, data in this report for Hispanic people overlap with data for race groups. Household income by race and Hispanic origin refers to the race and Hispanic origin of the householder. Race and Hispanic origin of household members may be different from those of the householder. experienced a 1.3 percent increase in median household income between 2022 and 2023. White households experienced a decrease of 0.8 percent, and non-Hispanic White households fell by 0.7 percent. The change in median income for Asian and Black households between 2022 and 2023 was not statistically significant. MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME: AGE OF HOUSEHOLDER Median household income increased 2.4 percent and 0.5 percent between 2022 and 2023 for households with a house- holder under the age of 25 and with a householder aged 25 to 44, respectively, as shown in Table 3. There was no statistically sig- nificant change in median house- hold income between 2022 and 2023 for the other age groups. Households with a householder aged 45 to 64 had the high- est median household income in 2023 ($94,612), followed by those with householders aged 25 to 44 ($87,673), and those with householders 65 years and older ($56,038). Households maintained by householders under the age of 25 had the lowest median house- hold income ($44,846). INCOME INEQUALITY The Gini index is a statistical mea- sure of income inequality ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 (a full definition is available in the text box on page 2). The Gini index for the United States U.S. Census Bureau 7 Figure 4. Gini Index of Income Inequality in the Past 12 Months for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2023 AK 0 500 Miles WA OR ID MT WY NV UT CA CO AZ NM HI 0 100 Miles ND SD NE TX KS OK MN IA MO AR LA WI MI NY IL IN OH WV KY TN PA VA NC MS AL GA SC FL 0 100 Miles ME VT NH MA CT NJ DE MD RI DC Gini index by state 0.485 or more 0.475 to 0.484 0.455 to 0.474 Less than 0.455 U.S. Gini index is 0.483. U.S. Gini index does not include data for Puerto Rico. PR 0 50 Miles Note: A state abbreviation surrounded by the " " symbol denotes the value for the state is not statistically different from the U.S. Gini index. For more information about sample design, methodology, and accuracy of the data, visit <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates; 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. in 2023 (0.483) was lower than in 2022 (0.486). Between 2022 and 2023, the ACS Gini index increased in three states: Alaska, Delaware, and Georgia. Ten states—Alabama, California, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Dakota, and West Virginia—had lower Gini index values than in 2022. Changes from 2022 were not statistically significant for the other 37 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. New York had the highest Gini index among the 50 states. However, the Gini index for New York was not statistically different from the District of Columbia and was lower than Puerto Rico. Utah had the lowest Gini index (refer to Table 1 and Figure 4). There were five states with Gini index values higher than the U.S. index and 39 states that were lower. Six states had Gini index values that were not statistically different from the U.S. index (Table 1 and Figure 4). From 2006 (the earliest year the Gini index is available) to 2023, the national Gini index increased 4.1 percent, from 0.464 to 0.483. 8 U.S. Census Bureau SUMMARY The U.S. median household income was statistically unchanged from 2022 to 2023. Between 2022 and 2023, three states showed an increase in median household income. Four states showed a decrease. Median household income in 2023 was not statistically different from 2022 for 43 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. This brief also provided information on changes in median household income across metropolitan areas, race and Hispanic origin, and age of householders. The Gini index showed a decrease nationally and in ten states between 2022 and 2023. SOURCE AND ACCURACY The data presented in this report are based on the ACS and PRCS samples interviewed from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2022 (2022 ACS and 2022 PRCS), and January 1, 2023, through December 31, 2023 (2023 ACS and 2023 PRCS). The estimates based on these samples correspond to the average values of person, household, and housing unit characteristics over this period of collection. Sampling error is the uncertainty between an estimate based on a sample and the corresponding value that would be obtained if the estimate were based on the entire population (as from a census). Measures of sampling error are provided in the form of margins of error for all estimates included in this report. All comparative statements in this report have WHAT IS THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY? The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide reliable and timely demographic, social, economic, and housing data for the nation, states, congressional districts, counties, places, and other localities every year. It has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses across the United States and Puerto Rico and includes both housing units and group quarters (e.g., nursing homes and prisons). The ACS is conducted in every county throughout the nation and in every municipio in Puerto Rico, where it is called the Puerto Rico Community Survey. Beginning in 2006, ACS data have been released annually for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 and greater. For information on the ACS sample design and other topics, visit <www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/acs>. undergone statistical testing, and comparisons are significant at the 90 percent level, unless otherwise noted. In addition to sampling error, nonsampling error may be introduced during any of the operations used to collect and process survey data such as editing, reviewing, or keying data from questionnaires. For more information on sampling and estimation methods, confidentiality protection, and sampling and nonsampling errors, refer to the 2023 ACS “Accuracy of the Data” document at <www. census.gov/programs-surveys/ acs/technical-documentation/ code-lists.html>. NOTES The Census Bureau also reports income estimates based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is the Census Bureau’s longest-running household survey. The CPS Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks detailed questions categorizing income into over 50 sources. The key purpose of the CPS ASEC is to provide timely and detailed estimates of income and to measure change in national-level estimates. The CPS ASEC is the official source of national poverty estimates. For more information from the CPS ASEC about national income estimates, refer to the report “Income in the United States: 2023” at <www.census.gov/library/ publications/2024/demo/p60-282. html>. For information on income estimates from the ACS and how they differ from those based on the CPS ASEC, refer to “Fact Sheet: Differences Between the American Community Survey and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey” at <www. census.gov/topics/income- poverty/poverty/guidance/data- sources/acs-vs-cps.html>. U.S. Census Bureau 9