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United States Census Bureau | An official website of the United States Government Income in the United States: 2023 September 10, 2024 Report Number: P60-282 Written by: Gloria Guzman and Melissa Kollar Introduction This report presents estimates on income, earnings, and inequality in the United States for calendar year 2023, based on information collected in the 2024 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the Census Bureau.   The income estimates in the main sections of this report are based on the concept of money income, which is pretax and does not account for the value of in-kind transfers. Appendix A provides a detailed explanation of how income is measured using the CPS ASEC. Estimates of post-tax income and inequality are included in Appendix B. Income in the United States: 2023 [<1.0 MB][//www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-282.pdf] Highlights Real median household income was $80,610 in 2023, a 4.0 percent increase from the 2022 estimate of $77,540 (Figure 1 and Table A-1). This is the first statistically significant annual increase in real median household income since 2019. Real median household incomes increased by 5.4 percent for White households and by 5.7 percent for non-Hispanic White households between 2022 and 2023. There was no significant change in median incomes for Black, Asian, and Hispanic households (Figure 2 and Table A-1). Household income rose throughout the income distribution, increasing 6.7 percent at the 10th percentile and 4.6 percent at the 90th percentile (Table A-3). Income inequality as measured by the Gini index and income percentile ratios was not significantly different between 2022 and 2023 (Figure 3 and Table A-3). Between 2022 and 2023, the number of total workers increased by 2.2 million, or 1.3 percent. The change in the number of full- time, year-round workers was not statistically significant (Figure 5 and Table A-6). Real median earnings for men who worked full-time, year-round increased by 3.0 percent, and real median earnings increased 1.5 percent for women who worked full-time, year-round (Figure 4 and Table A-6). For full-time, year-round workers, the female-to-male earnings ratio in 2023 fell to 82.7 percent from 84.0 percent in 2022 (Figure 6 and Table A-6). This is the first statistically significant annual decrease in the female-to-male earnings ratio since 2003. Tables Income: Table A-1. Income Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2022 and 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA1.xlsx] Table A-2. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA2.xlsx] Income Inequality: Table A-3. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence- Adjusted Income: 2022 and 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA3.xlsx] Table A-4a. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA4a.xlsx] Table A-4b. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA4b.xlsx] Table A-5. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2023 [< 1.0MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA5.xlsx] Earnings: Table A-6. Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2022 and 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA6.xlsx] Table A-7. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableA7.xl sx] Post-Tax Household Income: Table B-1. Post-Tax Household Income Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2022 and 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableB1.xlsx] Table B-2. Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics Using Money Income and Post-Tax Income: 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableB2.xlsx] Table B-3. Distribution Measures Using Post-Tax Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Post-Tax Income: 2022 and 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableB3.xlsx] Table B-4. Distribution Measures Using Money Income, Post-Tax Income, Equivalence-Adjusted Income, and Equivalence-Adjusted Post-Tax Income: 2023 [< 1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableB4.xlsx] Table B-5. Selected Measures of Household Post-Tax Income Dispersion: 2009 to 2023 [<1.0 MB] [//www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/demo/tables/p60/282/tableB5.xlsx] Figures Income: Figure 1. Median Household Income and Percent Change by Selected Characteristics [<1.0 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/demo/p60- 282/figure1.pdf] Figure 2. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2023 [1.3 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/demo/p60- 282/figure2.pdf] Income Inequality: Figure 3. Income Distribution Measures and Percent Change Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income [<1.0 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/de mo/p60-282/figure3.pdf] Earnings: Figure 4. Median Earnings and Percent Change by Work Status and Sex [<1.0 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/demo/p60- 282/figure4.pdf] Figure 5. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2023 [<1.0 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/demo/p60- 282/figure5.pdf] Figure 6. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year- Round Workers by Sex: 1960 to 2023 [<1.0 MB] [/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2024/d emo/p60-282/figure6.pdf] For More Information To adjust for changes in the cost of living over time, historical income and earnings estimates in this report are expressed in real or 2023 dollars. The current method for inflation-adjustment is based on the Chained Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (C-CPI-U) [https://www.bls.gov/cpi/additional-resources/chained-cpi.htm] between 2000 and 2023 and the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers Retroactive Series (R-CPI-U-RS) [https://www.bls.gov/cpi/research-series/r-cpi-u-rs-home.htm] prior to 2000. More information on the inflation adjustment and the annual index values are available in Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar24.pdf [https://www2.census.gov/programs- surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar24.pdf]  [PDF - <1.0 MB]. The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data used to produce this product (Data Management System (DMS) number: P- 7534374, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY24-0434). To further protect respondent privacy, all estimates in this report have undergone additional rounding. As a result, this year's estimates may differ from previous publications and details may not sum to totals. Others in Series Publication Poverty in the United States: 2022 September 12, 2023 This report presents data on poverty in the United States based on information collected in the 2023 and earlier CPS ASEC. [/library/publications/2023/demo/p60-280.html] Publication Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2022 September 12, 2023 This report presents data on health insurance coverage in the United States in 2022 based on information collected in the 2023 CPS ASEC. [/library/publications/2023/demo/p60-281.html] Publication Poverty in the United States: 2023 September 10, 2024 This report presents data on poverty in the United States based on information collected in the 2024 and earlier CPS ASEC. [/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-283.html] VIEW ALL [/LIBRARY/PUBLICATIONS/TIME-SERIES/P60.HTML] Related Information Income & Poverty Publications [/topics/income-poverty/library/publications.html] Income & Poverty Data Tables [/topics/income-poverty/data/tables.html] Income Inequality Data Tables [/topics/income-poverty/income-inequality/data/data-tables.html] You May Be Interested In America Counts Story America Counts Story America Counts: Stories New Census Tool About Income & Poverty Provides Child Poverty Rates in All School Districts National Poverty in America Awareness Month: Measuring Poverty Explore various America Counts stories on the topic of income and The 2019 SAIPE School District Profiles data visualization provides The Census Bureau’s 2020 Supplemental Poverty Measure rate poverty. [/topics/income- poverty/stories.html] demographic and [/library/stories/2021/10/census- tool-provides-access-to-child- poverty-rates-every-united-states- school-district.html] was 2.3 percentage [/library/stories/2022/01/nationa l-poverty-in-america-awareness- month-measuring-poverty.html] Page Last Revised - August 30, 2024