Open Census MCP Server

Poverty in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023 American Community Survey Briefs By Craig Benson ACSBR-022 September 2024 INTRODUCTION Planners, policymakers, and community stakeholders use poverty estimates as key indicators to evaluate trends and current economic conditions within communities and to make comparisons across demographic groups. Federal and state governments often use these estimates to allocate funds to local communities. Government agencies, researchers, and local organizations regularly use these estimates to identify the number of individuals and families eligible for various programs and to measure economic well-being. This brief uses the 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates and the 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) to analyze poverty rates for calendar year 2023, as well as the changes in poverty from calendar year 2022 for the nation, states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).1, 2 1 The U.S. Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data used to produce this product (Data Management System [DMS] number: P-7533841, Disclosure Review Board [DRB] approval number: CBDRB-FY24-0138). All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level, unless otherwise noted. 2 Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs or metro areas) are geographic entities delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for use by federal statistical agencies in collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics. A metro area contains a core urban area with a population of 50,000 or more individuals. For more information, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ metro-micro/about/omb-standards.html>. This brief also discusses the distribution of people by income-to-poverty ratios for the aforementioned geographic areas, measuring the depth of poverty for those with incomes below their poverty threshold and those just above their poverty threshold.3 HIGHLIGHTS • The poverty rate decreased in seven states and Puerto Rico between 2022 and 2023. Poverty increased in three states and did not significantly change in 40 states and the District of Columbia. Poverty rates in states ranged from 7.2 percent in New Hampshire to 18.9 percent in Louisiana in 2023. • In 3 of the 25 most populous metropolitan areas, poverty significantly changed between 2022 and 2023. Poverty decreased in the Minneapolis MSA (from 8.8 percent to 8.1 percent) and increased in two metro areas: the Atlanta MSA, from 10.0 per- cent to 11.0 percent, and the Charlotte MSA, from 9.8 percent to 10.7 percent. • The states ranged from 3.8 percent to 8.9 percent of population with income below 50 percent of their poverty threhold in 2023. 3 The data collection period for the 2022 ACS spanned January to December 2022; the data collection period for the 2023 ACS spanned January to December 2023. POVERTY In 2023, 12.5 percent of the total U.S. population had income below their respective poverty thresholds, a substantively small but statistically significant decrease from the 2022 estimate of 12.6 percent.4 The total number of people in the United States with income below their respective poverty threshold decreased by more than 180,000 compared to 2022 (Appendix Table 1). Poverty has declined in 8 of the last 9 years measured since 2013 (estimates for 2020 experimental data are not included). The only increase in poverty was between 2019 and 2021 (Figure 1).5, 6 4 Following the standard specified by OMB in Statistical Policy Directive 14, data from the Current Population Survey Annual Social Economic Supplement are used to estimate the official national poverty rate that can be found in the report “Poverty in the United States: 2023,” available at <www. census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/ publications/2023/demo/p60-280.html>. The national poverty percentage does not include data for Puerto Rico. 5 The U.S. poverty rate increased from 2019 to 2021. Estimates for 2021 were com- pared to 2019, the last previous year with consistent weighting methodologies. For additional information on the 2020 experi- mental data, refer to <www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/acs/data/experimental- data.html>. 6 All year-to-year changes from 2005 to 2023, except between 2005–2006, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013, were statistically significant. How Poverty is Measured Poverty status is determined by comparing annual income to a set of dollar values (called poverty thresholds) that vary by family size, number of children, and the age of the householder. If a family’s pretax money income is less than the dollar value of their threshold, then that family and every individual in it are considered to be in poverty.* For people not living in families, poverty status is determined by comparing individuals’ income to their poverty threshold. The poverty thresholds are updated annually to account for changes in the cost of living using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U). They do not vary geographically. Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. Population figures used in this brief reflect this poverty universe. The American Community Survey (ACS) is a continuous survey, and people respond throughout the year. Since income is reported for the previous 12 months, the appropriate poverty threshold for each family is determined by multiplying the base-year poverty threshold from 1982 by the average of monthly CPI-U values for the 12 months preceding the survey month. For more information, refer to page 111 of “American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2023 Subject Definitions” at <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. For more information on ACS sample design and other topics, refer to <www.census.gov/acs>. * Pretax money income refers to gross income received from a variety of sources like earnings, Social Security, pensions, and disability benefits. It does not include tax credits, like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) or the Child Tax Credit, nor does it include noncash benefits such as subsidized housing or nutritional assistance programs. More information on how income is measured in the official poverty measure is available at <www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html>. 2 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 1. American Community Survey National Poverty Rate: 2005 to 2023 (In percent) In poverty Recession 13.3 12.5 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2005 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 2023 Note: Estimates for 2020 experimental data are not included. For more information, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user-notes/2021-02.html>. Starting in 2006, the American Community Survey includes the group quarters population. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research. For more information, refer to <www.nber.org/cycles.html>. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 to 2019 and 2021 to 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. Figure 2 displays the percentage of people in poverty for all states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.7 New Hampshire had the lowest 2023 state 7 The classification categories used in Figure 2 have been determined by the natural breaks (Jenks) method of categorization. For more information on data classification methods, refer to <https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/ help/mapping/layer-properties/data- classification-methods.htm>. poverty rate at 7.2 percent, while Louisiana (18.9 percent) and Mississippi (18.0 percent) had among the highest (Appendix Table 1).8 Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Utah, and 8 The 2023 poverty rates for Louisiana (18.9 percent) and Mississippi (18.0 percent) were not statistically different. Vermont had poverty rates in the lowest category on the poverty map (less than 10.0 percent). Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Puerto Rico had poverty rates of 15.0 percent or higher (Figure 2). U.S. Census Bureau 3 Figure 2. Percentage of People in Poverty for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2023 AK 0 500 Miles WA OR ID MT WY NV UT CA CO AZ NM WEST REGION HI 0 100 Miles MIDWEST REGION ND SD NE TX KS OK MN IA MO AR LA WI MI IL IN OH WV KY TN PA VA NC MS AL GA SC FL SOUTH REGION 0 100 Miles ME VT NH NY NORTHEAST REGION MA RI CT NJ DE MD DC Percent by state 15.0 or more 12.0 to 14.9 10.0 to 11.9 Less than 10.0 Region boundary U.S. percent: 12.5 U.S. percent does not include Puerto Rico PR 0 50 Miles Alaska and Hawaii are in the West Census region. Note: For more information visit <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey, 1–year estimates, and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. While the national 2023 poverty rate was 12.5 percent, there was variability among census regions, as poverty was not evenly distributed throughout the country.9 Seven out of the nine states in the Northeast had poverty rates of 11.9 percent or less, and three had poverty rates in the lowest map category (less than 10.0 percent), whereas 9 Census regions are groupings of states and the District of Columbia that divide the United States for the presentation of Census Bureau data. For more information, refer to <https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps- data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf>. nearly one-half (seven states) of Southern states had poverty rates of 15.0 percent or more. Seven other southern states were in the second-highest map category (12.0 percent to 14.9 percent). Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia were the only three southern states not in the two highest poverty categories. States in the Midwest were consistently in the middle categories, with all but two states between 10.0 percent and 14.9 percent (Minnesota and North Dakota being the exceptions, both in the lowest poverty category). The West had 10 of its 13 states in the middle categories, along with two states in the lowest poverty category and one state in the highest (Figure 2). In 2023, poverty rates decreased in seven states (Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, and West Virginia) and Puerto Rico compared to 2022, whereas poverty rates increased in three states (Georgia, Tennessee, and Utah) (Figure 3). Poverty rates did not significantly change in 40 states and the District of Columbia. 4 U.S. Census Bureau Figure 3. Change in Percentage of People in Poverty for the United States and Puerto Rico: 2022–2023 AK 0 500 Miles WA OR ID MT WY NV UT CA CO AZ NM HI 0 100 Miles ND SD NE TX KS OK MN IA MO AR LA ME VT NH MA CT NJ DE MD RI DC WI MI NY IL IN OH WV KY TN PA VA NC SC FL Change 2022–2023* Significant increase No change Significant decrease MS AL GA 0 100 Miles PR 0 50 Miles * Change statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Note: For more information, visit <www.census.gov/acs>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey, 1–year estimates, and 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. POVERTY IN METROPOLITAN AREAS Figure 4 shows the estimated number and percentage of people in poverty in 2022 and 2023 for the 25 most populous metropolitan areas. The Washington, DC (7.9 percent) and Minneapolis (8.1 percent) MSAs had among the lowest poverty rates.10 Conversely, the Houston (13.9 percent), Detroit (13.6 percent), and San Antonio (13.6 percent) MSAs had among the highest poverty rates of the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in 2023.11 Poverty rates changed in 3 of the 25 most populous metro areas compared to 2022. Poverty rates decreased in the Minneapolis MSA 10 The 2023 poverty rates for the Washington, DC (7.9 percent) and Minneapolis (8.1 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. 11 The 2023 poverty rates for the Houston (13.9 percent), Detroit (13.6 percent), and San Antonio (13.6 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. (from 8.8 percent to 8.1 percent) and increased in two metro areas: the Atlanta MSA, from 10.0 percent to 11.0 percent, and the Charlotte MSA, from 9.8 percent to 10.7 percent. For 22 out of the 25 MSAs, including the three most populous metro areas (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago MSAs), poverty rates did not significantly change between 2022 and 2023. U.S. Census Bureau 5 Figure 4. Percentage of People in Poverty for the 25 Most-Populous Metro Areas: 2022 and 2023 2022 2023 Washington, DC *Minneapolis Denver Boston Seattle Portland San Francisco Baltimore San Diego Dallas St. Louis *Charlotte Phoenix Chicago *Atlanta Orlando Philadelphia All metro areas Tampa Riverside Los Angeles New York Miami San Antonio Detroit Houston 6 8 10 12 14 16 * Change statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/guidance.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. 6 U.S. Census Bureau INCOME-TO-POVERTY RATIOS The poverty rate is an estimate of the proportion of people with income below 100 percent of their poverty threshold. In addition to this statistic, researchers and policymakers are often interested in the distribution of the population at various levels of poverty. Income-to-poverty ratios provide information on how close a family or individual’s income is to their poverty threshold by dividing their income by their poverty threshold to get a ratio. Ratios below 1.0 indicate that a family falls below poverty, while ratios at or above 1.0 indicate the family has income at or above their threshold. An income-to-poverty ratio of 0.50 indicates that a family has income equal to 50 percent of their poverty threshold. Table 1 details the proportion of people at various income-to- poverty ratio ranges in 2023 for the nation, states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The share of the U.S. population with income below 50 percent of their poverty threshold was 6.1 percent in 2023 and showed no change from 2022 (refer to Appendix Table 3 for 2022 estimates). New Hampshire (3.8 percent), Minnesota (4.3 percent), Idaho (4.4 percent), Utah (4.4 percent), and North Dakota (4.5 percent) were the states with among the lowest proportions of people with an income-to-poverty ratio below 0.50 in 2023.12 Louisiana (8.9 percent), New Mexico (8.8 percent), and the District of Columbia (8.2 percent) had among the highest proportions of people with income-to-poverty ratios below 0.50.13 In 2023, 19.6 percent of Puerto Rico’s population had incomes below 50 percent of their poverty thresholds. In addition to examining the share of individuals with income below 50 percent of their poverty threshold, Table 1 also provides information on the share of individuals living above their poverty thresholds. All people with an income-to-poverty ratio between 1.00 and 1.24 are referred to as being “near poverty” in this brief. In 2023, the percentage of people in the United States in 12 In 2023, the percentages of people with an income-to-poverty ratio below 50 percent in New Hampshire (3.8 percent), Minnesota (4.3 percent), Idaho (4.4 percent), Utah (4.4 percent), and North Dakota (4.5 percent) were not statistically different. 13 In 2023, the percentages of people with an income-to-poverty ratio below 50 percent in Louisiana (8.9 percent), New Mexico (8.8 percent), and the District of Columbia (8.2 percent) were not statistically different. near poverty was 3.6 percent. In combination with the share below poverty, 16.0 percent of people were either in poverty or near poverty in 2023. Among the states, the percentage of individuals near poverty in 2023 ranged from 2.1 to 5.8 percent. States with among the lowest percentages of individuals living near poverty includes the District of Columbia (2.1 percent), New Hampshire (2.1 percent), Delaware (2.2 percent), Colorado (2.5 percent), Maryland (2.5 percent), and Washington (2.5 percent).14 States with among the highest percentages of individuals living near poverty include Mississippi (5.8 percent) and Arkansas (5.2 percent).15 The percentage of individuals in near poverty in Puerto Rico was 9.0 percent in 2023.16 14 In 2023, the percentages of individuals with an income-to-poverty ratio between 1.00 and 1.25 in the District of Columbia (2.1 percent), New Hampshire (2.1 per- cent), Delaware (2.2 percent), Colorado (2.5 percent), Maryland (2.5 percent), and Washington (2.5 percent) were not signifi- cantly different. 15 In 2023, the percentages of individuals with an income-to-poverty ratio between 1.00 and 1.25 in Mississippi (5.8 percent) and Arkansas (5.2 percent) were not statistically different. 16 Refer to Appendix Table 3 for 2022 estimates. U.S. Census Bureau 7 Table 1. Percentage of People by Ratio of Income to Poverty Threshold: 20231 1.50 to 1.99 Margin of error (±)2 Margin of error (±)2 Margin of error (±)2 Margin of error (±)2 0.50 to 0 .99 Less than 0.50 1.25 to 1.49 1.00 to 1.24 Area United States . . . . . . . . . . . . Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia . . . . . . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 7.3 5.0 6.4 *7.4 5.9 4.8 5.3 4.9 8.2 5.9 6.7 5.1 4.4 6.0 6.1 *4.8 5.3 ^8.0 8.9 4.8 ^5.4 5.1 6.5 4.3 *8.1 *5.4 5.6 4.8 6.2 3.8 4.7 ^8.8 *7.0 6.2 *4.5 6.4 7.5 6.2 5.9 5.3 6.8 5.1 6.6 6.5 ^4.4 5.0 5.3 5.3 *7.4 5.1 5.3 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *19.6 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.8 6.4 8.3 5.4 6.1 8.2 6.1 4.5 4.9 ^5.7 5.9 6.4 ^6.9 5.1 5.7 5.7 6.3 ^6.5 5.9 *8.4 10.0 5.5 *4.1 5.4 7.0 5.0 9.9 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.7 3.4 5.0 9.0 ^7.2 6.6 5.3 6.9 8.4 6.0 6.0 5.6 7.1 6.7 7.5 7.2 4.6 *4.7 *4.9 ^5.1 9.3 5.5 6.0 *20.0 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.6 *3.6 4.6 3.3 3.7 5.2 *3.5 2.5 2.8 *2.2 2.1 *3.7 3.9 2.9 *3.5 *3.0 3.7 3.3 3.6 4.7 4.6 3.5 2.5 2.6 *3.4 2.9 5.8 4.0 3.7 3.3 4.0 2.1 2.7 5.0 3.6 4.0 2.6 3.5 *4.6 3.5 3.5 2.7 4.0 3.8 *3.6 4.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 *2.5 *4.4 3.1 3.3 9.0 Z 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.5 *3.9 4.4 3.8 4.0 5.2 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.4 4.3 4.2 2.9 4.6 *3.4 4.2 3.7 4.3 4.7 *4.7 3.9 3.1 2.9 4.0 3.1 5.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 4.3 2.7 3.0 5.2 3.7 4.1 2.9 4.1 5.2 *3.7 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.3 *4.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 4.5 ^3.8 4.1 7.6 Z 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.5 ^8.3 9.7 7.5 8.5 10.8 ^8.0 6.5 6.5 7.9 3.3 9.2 8.7 6.5 ^10.6 ^7.8 ^9.8 ^8.8 8.9 9.8 ^9.9 8.6 6.0 5.5 ^8.4 6.8 10.7 ^9.1 8.6 ^8.8 9.4 5.6 6.3 ^10.2 7.4 ^9.2 7.5 8.6 9.8 7.6 ^8.0 7.5 9.4 ^9.4 9.3 9.1 8.0 6.8 ^7.4 ^6.8 10.5 7.5 9.1 12.1 Margin of error (±)2 2.00 to 3.99 Margin of error (±)2 4.00 and over Margin of error (±)2 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.2 1.0 0.5 ^29.9 ^32.2 27.6 31.4 33.0 27.5 27.9 24.6 30.4 17.6 32.1 30.5 29.8 34.7 29.5 33.5 33.7 33.9 31.8 30.3 32.4 ^25.5 23.2 31.9 29.8 32.0 33.3 34.0 33.7 32.5 28.1 24.3 30.4 25.6 31.6 31.5 32.0 ^33.1 29.7 30.4 26.7 32.0 33.5 32.4 ^30.8 35.3 29.7 26.8 27.4 ^33.7 32.5 34.4 ^22.2 0.1 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.6 1.7 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.7 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.8 0.8 41.9 33.6 47.4 ^39.8 30.1 45.2 50.7 52.6 45.5 60.6 38.4 39.1 47.8 ^36.6 44.7 36.5 *39.1 38.1 32.6 31.7 41.2 53.3 55.4 38.7 48.2 28.1 37.4 37.9 39.9 ^37.9 54.3 54.0 31.4 45.5 38.4 ^45.7 38.5 31.5 ^43.2 *42.4 48.2 36.2 37.4 36.3 38.0 41.8 47.9 49.4 49.8 30.2 ^42.4 37.8 9.6 0.1 0.6 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.5 2.3 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.5 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.8 0.5 * Indicates significant decrease from 2022. Statistically different from 2022 estimate at the 90 percent confidence level. ^ Indicates significant increase from 2022. Statistically different from 2022 estimate at the 90 percent confidence level. Z Represents or rounds to zero. 1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. People and families are classified as being in poverty if their income is less than their poverty threshold. If their income is less than one-half of their poverty threshold, they are below .50 of poverty; less than the threshold itself, they are in poverty (below 100 percent of poverty); less than 1.25 times the threshold, below 125 percent of poverty, and so on. 2 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to or subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentialty protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates, and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. 8 U.S. Census Bureau Table 2 displays the percentage of people at various income-to- poverty ratio categories for the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in 2023. In 2023, the Minneapolis (3.9 percent), Washington, DC (4.3 percent), and Denver (4.4 percent) MSAs had among the lowest percentages of people with income-to-poverty ratios below 0.50.17 The Houston (6.5 percent), Detroit (6.4 percent), New York (6.2 percent), Tampa (6.1 percent), and San Antonio (6.1 percent) MSAs all had among the highest shares 17 In 2023, the percentages of people with an income-to-poverty ratio below .50 in Minneapolis (3.9 percent), Washington, DC (4.3 percent), and Denver (4.4 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. of people with income-to-poverty ratios below 0.50.18 Examining the share of individuals with income slightly above their poverty thresholds among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in 2023, Table 2 shows that the metro area near poverty rates ranged from 1.9 percent to 4.3 percent. The Seattle (1.9 percent), Denver (1.9 percent), and Washington, DC (2.0 percent) MSAs had among the lowest percentages 18 In 2023, the percentages of people with an income-to-poverty ratio below .50 in the Houston (6.5 percent), Detroit (6.4 percent), New York (6.2 percent), Tampa (6.1 percent), and San Antonio (6.1 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. of people in near poverty, whereas San Antonio (4.3 percent), Orlando (3.8 percent), Houston (3.8 percent), Los Angeles (3.8 percent), Miami (3.7 percent), Riverside-San Bernadino (3.6 percent), and Tampa (3.6 percent) MSAs had among the highest percentage of people in near poverty.19, 20, 21 19 In 2023, the percentage of people in near poverty in the Seattle (1.9 percent), Denver (1.9 percent), and Washington, DC (2.0 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. 20 In 2023, the percentage of people in near poverty in the San Antonio (4.3 percent), Orlando (3.8 percent), Houston (3.8 percent), Los Angeles (3.8 percent), Miami (3.7 per- cent), Riverside-San Bernadino (3.6 percent), and Tampa (3.6 percent) MSAs were not statistically different. 21 Refer to Appendix Table 4 for 2022 estimates. Table 2. Percentage of People by Ratio of Income-to-Poverty Levels for the 25 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 20231 Metro area Less than 0.50 Margin of error (±)2 0.50 to 0.99 Margin of error (±)2 1.00 to 1.24 Margin of error (±)2 1.25 to 1.49 Margin of error (±)2 1.50 to 1.99 Margin of error (±)2 2.00 to 3.99 Margin of error (±)2 4.00 and over Margin of error (±)2 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^5.5 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *4.5 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^5.4 5.7 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL . . . . . . . Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI . . . . . . . . . . New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD . . . Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . St. Louis, MO-IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV . . 4.9 4.4 6.4 6.5 *5.9 5.9 3.9 6.2 5.4 5.5 5.9 4.8 5.6 *4.8 6.1 *4.9 5.0 4.8 6.1 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 5.6 *4.2 4.5 5.3 5.3 5.4 4.2 7.2 7.4 6.7 6.9 *4.1 6.6 5.9 6.0 5.1 4.4 6.5 5.6 7.5 5.2 0.3 0.3 4.2 0.3 ^4.2 5.9 0.4 3.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 3.3 2.5 2.4 3.3 *2.8 3.5 1.9 3.3 3.8 *3.8 *3.7 2.5 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.4 2.8 *3.6 3.0 4.3 2.8 2.4 *1.9 3.6 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 3.8 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.8 0.3 2.6 0.3 0.3 3.7 0.2 *4.1 4.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 4.6 2.6 3.4 4.3 3.0 3.5 3.2 4.3 3.0 4.6 3.4 2.7 2.4 4.1 2.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 7.7 6.2 5.1 8.1 ^7.2 7.8 *5.2 7.7 9.1 8.1 9.2 5.8 6.7 10.0 6.6 8.0 6.9 9.8 6.7 9.3 7.1 5.1 5.4 8.6 5.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 28.9 26.1 21.0 30.6 28.2 0.4 ^30.7 0.5 ^26.0 29.4 0.4 29.3 0.4 28.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 30.9 27.1 23.3 32.5 26.2 30.9 27.5 33.6 30.6 31.7 25.2 20.1 23.4 31.6 21.1 45.2 0.7 52.7 1.0 59.9 0.6 1.0 44.2 0.5 ^47.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.6 *43.9 55.6 42.3 39.8 43.4 38.8 53.9 50.5 38.2 *49.3 0.9 ^43.3 50.4 0.9 36.5 0.7 46.3 0.9 36.4 1.2 0.8 ^51.5 *60.5 0.7 57.9 0.7 40.1 0.8 61.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 * Indicates a significant decrease. Statistically different from 2022 estimate at the 90 percent confidence level. ^ Indicates a significant increase. Statistically different from 2022 estimate at the 90 percent confidence level. 1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. People and families are classified as being in poverty if their income is less than their poverty threshold. If their income is less than one-half of their poverty threshold, they are below .50 of poverty; less than the threshold itself, they are in poverty (below 100 percent of poverty); less than 1.25 times the threshold, below 125 percent of poverty, and so on. 2 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to or subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. U.S. Census Bureau 9 SUMMARY This brief used the 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates, and 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey to analyze poverty rates for 2023, as well as changes in poverty from 2022 for the nation, states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and metro areas. Poverty rates decreased in seven states and Puerto Rico and increased in three states. The poverty rate in 22 of the 25 most populous metropolitan areas did not change significantly from 2022. Poverty rates increased in two MSAs and decreased in one, compared to 2022. The percentage of the population with incomes below 50 percent of their poverty threshold in states ranged from 3.8 percent to 8.9 percent. The 25 most populous MSAs ranged from 3.9 percent to 6.5 percent. This brief also examined the proportion of people slightly above their poverty thresholds. In the states, the percentage of individuals near poverty in 2023 ranged from 2.1 to 5.8 percent. Among the 25 most populous metro areas, there was a range of 1.9 percent to 4.3 percent of people living in near poverty. SOURCE AND ACCURACY The data presented in this brief are based on the ACS and PRCS sample interviewed from January 2022 through December 2022 (2022 ACS and PRCS) and the ACS and PRCS sample interviewed from January 2023 through December 2023 (2023 ACS and PRCS). The estimates based on these samples describe the average values of person, household, and housing unit characteristics over this What Is the American Community Survey? The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey designed to provide communities with reliable and timely demographic, social, economic, and housing data for the nation, states, congressional districts, counties, places, and other localities every year. It has an annual sample size of about 3.5 million addresses across the United States and Puerto Rico and includes both housing units and group quarters (e.g., nursing facilities and prisons).* The ACS is conducted in every county throughout the nation and every municipio in Puerto Rico, where it is called the Puerto Rico Community Survey. Beginning in 2006, ACS data have been released annually for geographic areas with populations of 65,000 and greater. For information on the ACS sample design and other topics, visit <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs>. * While people living in group quarters are sampled in the ACS, those living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities) are not included in the poverty universe. period of collection. Sampling error is the uncertainty between an estimate based on a sample and the corresponding value that would be obtained if the estimate were based on the entire population (as from a census). Measures of sampling error are provided in the form of margins of error for all estimates included in this brief. All comparative statements in this brief have undergone statistical testing, and comparisons are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. In addition to sampling error, nonsampling error may be introduced during any of the operations used to collect and process survey data such as editing, reviewing, or keying data from questionnaires. For more information on sampling and estimation methods, confidentiality protection, and sampling and nonsampling errors, refer to the 2023 ACS “Accuracy of the Data” document located at <www. census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/ technical-documentation/code- lists.html>. NOTES ACS data from 2010 forward are available on <https://data.census. gov>. Historical estimates of state poverty rates prior to 2010 can be found in Appendix Table 1 of the brief “Poverty: 2016 and 2017,” located at <www.census.gov/ library/publications/2018/acs/ acsbr17-02.html>. The Census Bureau also publishes poverty estimates based on the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC), the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), and the Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE). For information on poverty estimates from the ACS and how they differ from those based on the CPS ASEC, SIPP, and SAIPE, refer to the information and survey comparisons at <www.census.gov/ topics/income-poverty/poverty/ guidance/data-sources.html>. 10 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix Table 1. Number and Percentage of People in Poverty in the Past 12 Months by State and Puerto Rico: 2022 and 2023 Below poverty in 20221 Below poverty in 20231 Change in poverty (2023 less 2022) Area Number1 Margin of error (±)2 Percent1 Margin of error (±)2 Number1 Margin of error (±)2 Percent1 Margin of error (±)2 Number Margin of error (±)2 Percent Margin of error (±)2 United States . . . . . . . 40,951,625 260,310 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts . . . . . . . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . North Dakota . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . South Carolina . . . . . . . South Dakota . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 800,395 78,608 897,852 496,311 4,670,324 540,517 345,695 93,285 85,676 2,762,679 1,348,344 142,378 202,517 1,469,643 834,550 339,867 342,670 722,865 829,565 145,161 581,748 700,156 1,315,899 540,079 544,104 791,030 133,233 215,838 390,848 98,057 882,045 364,725 2,734,819 1,329,157 86,192 1,540,922 610,254 503,935 1,483,365 113,878 717,348 109,889 915,683 4,113,641 273,052 65,162 891,390 763,469 308,825 617,037 66,943 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . 1,333,111 23,225 6,403 29,780 21,321 66,972 20,050 15,651 8,805 10,339 47,630 37,893 10,312 13,176 33,705 28,746 12,981 15,052 23,794 23,622 8,962 21,727 23,050 31,439 19,753 17,010 21,823 8,663 12,843 19,015 6,630 33,909 14,925 62,913 34,584 6,650 37,806 15,486 16,879 39,129 12,002 22,151 7,433 33,636 72,677 14,660 5,615 26,093 24,765 15,631 19,399 7,510 27214 12.6 16.2 11.0 12.5 16.8 12.2 9.4 9.8 9.4 13.3 12.7 12.7 10.2 10.7 11.9 12.6 11.0 12.0 16.5 18.6 10.8 9.6 10.4 13.4 9.6 19.1 13.2 12.1 11.2 12.5 7.2 9.7 17.6 14.3 12.8 11.5 13.4 15.7 12.1 11.8 10.8 14.0 12.5 13.3 14.0 8.2 10.4 10.6 10.0 17.9 10.7 11.8 41.7 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 1.3 0.9 40,763,043 277,214 773,166 74,353 905,418 466,624 4,588,687 536,507 362,024 106,027 91,068 2,729,519 1,461,317 141,925 193,635 1,426,517 821,401 351,224 319,652 720,642 840,146 140,460 574,160 706,730 1,326,740 520,602 512,184 720,210 129,804 202,078 377,506 97,935 886,772 368,669 2,702,955 1,349,302 73,841 1,527,904 626,185 506,544 1,500,959 114,412 726,799 104,684 978,460 4,086,851 304,249 60,413 864,394 794,426 285,780 616,874 64,309 1,257,607 24,550 5,930 32,734 19,172 71,646 22,964 17,748 10,289 10,115 62,129 38,018 10,218 12,891 30,335 24,875 14,199 14,831 20,801 27,162 8,588 20,592 24,578 27,989 17,281 21,949 24,684 7,386 12,736 20,633 8,712 27,839 18,140 50,606 38,975 5,342 36,156 15,929 17,185 35,821 10,758 24,733 8,555 30,784 75,298 15,931 4,904 26,897 26,113 11,676 19,150 6,371 26,856 12.5 15.6 10.4 12.4 15.7 12.0 9.3 10.3 10.5 14.0 12.3 13.6 10.1 10.1 11.6 12.3 11.3 11.2 16.4 18.9 10.4 9.5 10.4 13.5 9.3 18.0 12.0 11.7 10.5 12.0 7.2 9.7 17.8 14.2 12.8 9.8 13.3 15.9 12.2 12.0 10.8 13.9 11.8 14.0 13.7 9.0 9.7 10.2 10.3 16.7 10.7 11.3 39.6 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.8 –188,582 380,275 –27,229 –4,255 7,566 *–29,687 –81,637 –4,010 16,329 12,742 5,392 –33,160 *112,973 –453 –8,882 –43,126 –13,149 11,357 *–23,018 –2,223 10,581 –4,701 –7,588 6,574 10,841 –19,477 *–31,920 *–70,820 –3,429 –13,760 –13,342 –122 4,727 3,944 –31,864 20,145 *–12,351 –13,018 15,931 2,609 17,594 534 9,451 –5,205 *62,777 –26,790 *31,197 –4,749 –26,996 30,957 *–23,045 –163 –2,634 *–75,504 33,795 8,728 44,253 28,673 98,074 30,485 23,663 13,542 14,464 78,285 53,677 14,516 18,433 45,346 38,014 19,238 21,131 31,604 35,997 12,412 29,935 33,695 42,092 26,245 27,769 32,948 11,384 18,088 28,059 10,947 43,872 23,490 80,741 52,107 8,530 52,312 22,216 24,088 53,050 16,118 33,202 11,333 45,596 104,650 21,650 7,455 37,474 35,988 19,510 27,259 9,848 38,234 *–0.1 –0.7 –0.6 Z *–1.1 –0.2 –0.1 0.4 1.2 0.7 *–0.4 *0.9 Z –0.6 –0.3 –0.2 0.3 *–0.8 –0.1 0.3 –0.4 –0.1 0.1 0.1 –0.4 *–1.1 *–1.2 –0.4 –0.8 –0.5 Z Z 0.2 –0.1 Z *–1.7 –0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Z –0.1 –0.7 *0.8 –0.3 *0.8 –0.8 –0.4 0.4 *–1.3 Z –0.5 *–2.1 0.1 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 1.5 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.5 1.7 1.2 * Statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Z Represents or rounds to zero. 1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. 2 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to or subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 and 2023 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates, and 2022 and 2023 Puerto Rico Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau 11 ) 2 2 0 2 s s e l 3 2 0 2 ( y t r e v o p n i e g n a h C 1 3 2 0 2 n i y t r e v o p w o e B l 1 2 2 0 2 n i y t r e v o p w o e B l i n g r a M r o r r e f o i n g r a M r o r r e f o i n g r a M r o r r e f o i n g r a M r o r r e f o i n g r a M r o r r e f o i n g r a M r o r r e f o 2 ) ± ( t n e c r e P 2 ) ± ( r e b m u N 2 ) ± ( 1 t n e c r e P 2 ) ± ( 1 r e b m u N 2 ) ± ( 1 t n e c r e P 2 ) ± ( 1 r e b m u N 6 . 0 8 . 0 6 . 0 9 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 7 . 0 4 . 0 7 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 0 . 1 7 . 0 7 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 9 . 0 2 . 1 8 . 0 5 . 0 7 . 0 9 . 0 5 . 0 0 . 1 * 3 . 0 – 2 . 0 – 9 . 0 * 2 . 0 – Z 3 . 0 2 . 0 – 4 . 0 – 3 . 0 – 4 . 0 – 7 . 0 – * Z 1 . 0 7 . 0 – 1 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 0 – 6 . 0 – 6 . 0 – 5 . 0 – Z Z 5 . 0 2 . 0 – 9 6 7 , 6 3 6 3 9 , 1 2 4 4 1 , 6 2 0 1 0 , 4 2 0 4 6 , 5 4 3 1 8 , 2 4 6 1 8 , 2 2 2 1 4 , 1 3 1 5 8 , 8 4 2 8 8 , 1 5 1 6 9 , 1 4 4 6 1 , 1 2 1 1 0 , 6 7 4 0 5 , 6 2 3 8 1 , 4 4 5 8 9 , 2 3 8 5 8 , 7 1 1 4 4 , 7 3 8 5 2 , 4 2 1 9 8 , 2 3 4 7 7 , 5 2 8 5 8 , 1 2 3 5 2 , 7 2 9 5 0 , 8 2 2 4 5 , 1 3 5 7 5 , 8 – 0 4 1 , 7 – 0 4 0 , 1 7 * 5 9 5 , 0 3 * 7 6 0 , 9 3 – 0 7 1 , 3 1 8 3 6 , 0 1 1 0 3 , 9 – 7 4 4 , 6 – 0 9 5 , 8 4 – 0 8 3 , 0 2 – 8 8 2 , 4 2 – * 8 4 4 , 1 2 – 7 3 1 , 3 1 – 9 3 8 , 7 9 2 1 , 2 1 0 9 4 , 8 – 9 9 3 , 9 7 2 4 , 9 – 4 1 6 , 6 1 – 2 9 4 , 7 1 – 7 7 7 5 4 7 , 8 1 4 4 2 , 1 – 2 0 3 , 4 – 4 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 0 7 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 6 . 0 8 . 0 5 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 9 . 9 0 . 9 0 . 1 1 7 . 0 1 0 . 1 1 6 . 8 3 . 0 1 6 . 3 1 9 . 3 1 6 . 2 1 1 . 8 8 . 2 1 8 . 2 1 3 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 2 . 9 9 . 0 1 1 . 2 1 4 . 0 1 6 . 3 1 1 . 0 1 2 . 9 0 . 9 9 . 7 0 . 2 1 1 1 2 , 5 2 7 0 3 , 3 1 4 5 7 , 9 1 0 4 3 , 7 1 7 9 0 , 1 3 8 6 4 , 1 3 0 1 5 , 6 1 6 6 4 , 0 2 3 6 8 , 4 3 2 4 8 , 8 3 5 9 7 , 8 2 5 0 8 , 3 1 1 3 1 , 8 4 5 1 2 , 9 1 7 4 2 , 1 3 9 5 2 , 3 2 6 7 1 , 2 1 3 1 5 , 5 2 7 7 7 , 7 1 8 9 4 , 2 2 2 1 7 , 6 1 4 4 6 , 5 1 8 9 9 , 9 1 9 3 3 , 0 2 7 5 7 , 2 2 2 3 9 , 5 8 6 3 6 4 , 3 7 2 1 7 1 , 9 2 4 5 6 5 , 6 9 2 7 2 3 , 1 0 0 , 1 8 9 0 , 0 2 8 1 7 9 , 6 5 2 6 0 8 , 5 8 5 9 2 1 , 0 3 0 , 1 8 9 7 , 5 8 5 , 1 4 4 8 , 9 7 7 2 6 0 , 4 9 2 8 7 3 , 6 4 4 , 2 8 0 2 , 2 1 3 0 1 7 , 0 0 7 9 2 7 , 4 4 5 6 1 5 , 7 2 2 7 2 8 , 0 6 5 1 7 3 , 4 8 2 8 5 4 , 1 6 3 3 5 6 , 8 1 3 5 3 5 , 6 1 4 0 7 0 , 0 6 3 2 3 7 , 4 9 3 5 9 5 , 0 9 4 4 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 0 7 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 6 . 0 9 . 0 6 . 0 3 . 0 5 . 0 6 . 0 3 . 0 0 . 0 1 1 . 0 1 2 . 9 8 . 9 2 . 1 1 3 . 8 3 . 0 1 8 . 3 1 3 . 4 1 9 . 2 1 8 . 8 2 . 3 1 8 . 2 1 0 . 2 1 4 . 1 1 5 . 9 8 . 0 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 1 1 2 . 4 1 6 . 0 1 2 . 9 6 . 8 9 . 7 3 . 2 1 5 6 7 , 6 2 9 3 4 , 7 1 5 2 1 , 7 1 8 0 6 , 6 1 7 0 4 , 3 3 0 3 0 , 9 2 7 4 7 , 5 1 0 3 8 , 3 2 0 2 2 , 4 3 5 9 3 , 4 3 2 2 5 , 0 3 2 4 0 , 6 1 1 3 8 , 8 5 5 5 2 , 8 1 7 3 2 , 1 3 9 8 3 , 3 2 3 6 0 , 3 1 3 0 4 , 7 2 5 0 5 , 6 1 3 9 9 , 3 2 1 2 6 , 9 1 6 6 2 , 5 1 5 1 5 , 8 1 0 3 3 , 9 1 1 4 8 , 1 2 2 9 8 , 4 1 6 8 3 0 , 2 8 2 1 1 3 , 6 3 4 0 7 9 , 5 6 2 4 9 3 , 0 4 0 , 1 8 2 9 , 6 0 8 3 3 3 , 6 4 2 7 0 1 , 5 9 5 6 7 5 , 6 3 0 , 1 8 8 3 , 4 3 6 , 1 4 2 2 , 0 0 8 0 5 3 , 8 1 3 6 2 8 , 7 6 4 , 2 5 4 3 , 5 2 3 1 7 8 , 2 9 6 0 0 6 , 2 3 5 6 0 0 , 6 3 2 8 2 4 , 1 5 5 5 8 9 , 0 0 3 5 8 8 , 0 7 3 5 4 1 , 6 3 3 8 5 7 , 5 1 4 5 2 3 , 1 4 3 6 7 9 , 5 9 3 7 9 8 , 4 9 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a e r a o r t e M A G , l l e w s o R - s g n i r p S y d n a S - a t n a l t A . . . D M , i n o s w o T - a b m u o C - e r o m l i t l a B H N - A M , n o t w e N - e g d i r b m a C - n o t s o B C S - C N , i a n o t s a G - d r o c n o C - e t t o l r a h C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N I - L I , i l n g E - e l l i v r e p a N - o g a c h C i X T , n o t g n i l r A - h t r o W t r o F - s a l l a D . . . . O C , l i a n n e t n e C - a r o r u A - r e v n e D . I M , n r o b r a e D - n e r r a W - t i o r t e D . X T , l s d n a d o o W e h T - a n e d a s a P - n o t s u o H . A C , i m e h a n A - h c a e B g n o L - s e l e g n A s o L L F , l h c a e B m a P t s e W - e l a d r e d u a L t r o F - i m a M i . . . . . . . . . I W - N M , i n o t g n m o o B - l u a P l . t S - s i l o p a e n n M i . . . . . . . . . J N - Y N , y t i C y e s r e J - k r a w e N - k r o Y w e N . . . . . L F , d r o f n a S - e e m m i s s i K - o d n a l r O D M - E D - J N - A P , n o t g n m i l i W - n e d m a C - a h p e d a i l l i h P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z A l , r e d n a h C - a s e M - x n e o h P i . A W - R O , o r o b s l l i H - r e v u o c n a V - d n a l t r o P . A C , o i r a t n O i - o n d r a n r e B n a S - e d i s r e v R i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L I - O M , s i u o L . t S X T , s l e f n u a r B w e N - o n o t n A n a S i A C , d a b s l r a C - a t s i V a u h C - o g e D n a S i l A C , t n o m e r F - d n a l k a O - o c s i c n a r F n a S . . . . . . . A W , e u v e l l e B - a m o c a T - e l t t a e S . L F , r e t a w l r a e C - g r u b s r e t e P . t S - a p m a T V W - D M - A V - C D , a i r d n a x e A - n o t g n l i l r A - n o t g n h s a W i s a e r A n a t i l l o p o r t e M s u o u p o P t s o M 5 2 e h t r o f 3 2 0 2 d n a 2 2 0 2 n i y t r e v o P n i l e p o e P f o e g a t n e c r e P d n a r e b m u N . 2 l i e b a T x d n e p p A . l e v e l e c n e d i f n o c t n e c r e p 0 9 e h t t a o r e z m o r f t n e r e f f i d y l l a c i t s i t a t S * e h t o t d e t a e r l t o n e r a o h w 5 1 f o e g a e h t r e d n u n e r d l i h c s e d u c x e l i e s r e v n u y t r e v o p e h T . s r e t r a u q p u o r g l a n o i t u t i t s n n o n d n a i s t i n u g n i s u o h n i s l a u d v d n i i i i r o f d e n m r e t e d s i s u t a t s y t r e v o P 1 . o r e z o t s d n u o r r o s t n e s e r p e R Z e h t f o e z i s e h t o t n o i t a e r n l i r o r r e i f o n g r a m e h t r e g r a l e h T . y t i l i b a i r a v ’ s e t a m i t s e n a f o e r u s a e m a s i r o r r e i f o n g r a m A . y t i l i b a i r a v g n i l p m a s o t j t c e b u s e r a d n a l e p m a s a n o d e s a b e r a a t a D 2 . s k c a r r a b y r a t i l i m r o s e i r o t i m r o d e g e l l o c n i g n v i i l l e p o e p d n a , ) s e i t i l i c a f l a n o i t c e r r o c r o s e m o h g n i s r u n , . . g e ( s r e t r a u q p u o r g l a n o i t u t i t s n i n i g n v i i l l e p o e p l , r e d o h e s u o h . l a v r e t n i e c n e d i f n o c t n e c r e p 0 9 e h t s m r o f , e t a m i t s e e h t m o r f d e t c a r t b u s r o o t d e d d a n e h w , r e b m u n s i h T . e t a m i t s e e h t l e b a i l e r s s e l e h t , e t a m i t s e . i s t s i l - e d o c / n o i t a t n e m u c o d - l a c n h c e t / s c a / s y e v r u s - s m a r g o r p / v o g s u s n e c w w w < o t . . r e f e r , s n o i t i n i f e d d n a , r o r r e g n i l p m a s n o n , r o r r e g n i l p m a s , n o i t c e t o r p y t i l a i t n e d i f n o c n o n o i t a m r o f n i r o F : e t o N . s e t a m i t s e r a e y - 1 , y e v r u S y t i n u m m o C n a c i r e m A 3 2 0 2 d n a 2 2 0 2 , u a e r u B s u s n e C . . S U : e c r u o S . l > m t h 12 U.S. Census Bureau Appendix Table 3. Percentage of People by Ratio of Income-to-Poverty Threshold: 20221 Area Less than 0.50 Margin of error (±)2 0.50 to 0.99 Margin of error (±)2 1.00 to 1.24 Margin of error (±)2 1.25 to 1.49 Margin of error (±)2 1.50 to 1.99 Margin of error (±)2 2.00 to 3.99 Margin of error (±)2 4.00 and over Margin of error (±)2 United States . . . . . . . . Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia . . Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts . . . . . . . Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . New York . . . . . . . . . . . . North Carolina . . . . . . . North Dakota . . . . . . . . . Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . South Carolina . . . . . . . South Dakota . . . . . . . . Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington . . . . . . . . . . West Virginia . . . . . . . . . Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 7.6 5.4 6.5 8.3 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 8.0 6.1 6.4 5.4 4.7 6.2 6.3 5.4 5.6 7.5 8.5 4.9 4.9 5.3 6.5 4.5 8.8 6.3 5.8 5.1 6.5 3.5 4.4 7.9 7.4 6.0 5.6 6.5 7.4 5.9 5.7 5.2 6.7 5.7 6.2 6.6 3.9 4.3 5.3 5.4 8.2 5.0 5.0 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.7 6.5 8.6 5.6 6.0 8.5 6.2 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.3 6.6 6.3 4.7 6.1 5.7 6.3 5.5 6.4 9.0 10.1 5.8 4.7 5.1 6.9 5.2 10.3 6.8 6.3 6.1 5.9 3.7 5.2 9.7 6.8 6.8 5.9 7.0 8.3 6.2 6.1 5.6 7.3 6.8 7.1 7.4 4.3 6.1 5.2 4.6 9.7 5.7 6.8 21.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.8 3.7 4.4 3.2 3.9 5.4 3.8 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.2 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 4.5 5.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.8 2.8 5.7 4.1 3.6 3.6 4.3 2.4 2.6 5.4 3.8 4.2 2.9 3.6 5.0 3.7 3.5 2.9 3.9 3.5 4.2 4.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0 5.3 3.2 3.6 9.0 Z 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.5 4.0 4.7 3.3 4.3 5.4 3.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.4 4.5 4.4 3.1 5.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.6 3.7 3.0 3.0 4.3 3.3 5.1 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.3 2.6 2.9 5.3 3.6 4.3 3.4 3.9 5.0 4.2 3.8 3.4 4.5 3.7 4.6 4.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 4.5 3.5 3.7 7.4 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 8.0 9.4 7.0 8.7 10.1 7.7 6.9 6.1 6.7 4.2 9.0 8.9 6.6 9.4 7.2 8.8 8.1 8.6 9.5 9.1 8.5 6.4 5.7 7.9 6.4 10.1 8.5 9.3 7.5 9.1 5.9 6.2 8.8 7.1 8.8 6.5 8.3 10.3 7.6 7.4 6.5 9.3 7.6 9.3 9.0 8.5 7.8 7.0 6.4 9.6 7.8 8.1 11.6 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.5 29.7 31.0 29.0 32.1 32.8 27.3 27.4 25.0 31.3 17.0 31.7 30.8 28.4 35.8 29.6 33.5 33.4 33.8 31.5 29.9 32.6 24.6 23.3 31.7 29.2 31.6 33.2 33.9 33.3 33.6 27.3 24.1 30.6 25.6 31.5 32.5 31.9 31.9 30.2 30.1 27.1 32.4 34.8 32.7 29.8 35.0 29.3 27.1 27.5 32.1 33.2 34.5 21.0 0.1 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.5 1.7 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.2 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.4 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.5 1.8 0.8 41.9 34.2 46.5 38.6 29.6 45.1 50.3 53.1 46.3 60.0 38.0 39.2 48.5 35.1 44.1 37.2 40.3 37.9 33.3 31.8 41.4 53.5 55.0 39.0 48.7 28.4 36.8 36.7 40.3 36.2 54.5 54.5 32.3 45.7 38.4 43.3 38.9 32.1 42.2 43.4 49.3 35.9 37.9 35.9 38.3 42.3 46.2 49.2 50.2 30.6 41.5 38.2 9.3 0.1 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.5 1.2 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.5 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.5 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 2.0 0.5 Z Represents or rounds to zero. 1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. People and families are classified as being in poverty if their income is less than their poverty threshold. If their income is less than one-half of their poverty threshold, they are below .50 of poverty; less than the threshold itself, they are in poverty (below 100 percent of poverty); less than 1.25 times the threshold, below 125 percent of poverty, and so on. 2 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to or subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentialty protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates, and 2022 Puerto Rico Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau 13 Appendix Table 4. Percentage of People by Ratio of Income-to-Poverty Levels for the 25 Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 20221 Metro area Less than 0.50 Margin of error (±)2 0.50 to 0.99 Margin of error (±)2 1.00 to 1.24 Margin of error (±)2 1.25 to 1.49 Margin of error (±)2 1.50 to 1.99 Margin of error (±)2 2.00 to 3.99 Margin of error (±)2 4.00 and over Margin of error (±)2 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL . . . . . . . 6.0 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD . . . 5.5 Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 St. Louis, MO-IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV . . 4.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 5.1 5.0 4.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 4.0 7.1 7.5 6.6 7.2 4.7 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.0 4.6 6.2 5.5 8.0 5.1 4.3 3.7 6.2 3.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 3.5 2.8 2.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 2.3 3.4 4.1 4.1 4.4 2.3 3.3 4.3 3.0 3.5 3.1 4.2 2.9 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.4 3.7 2.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 3.6 2.8 2.7 3.5 3.4 4.0 2.8 3.9 4.6 4.1 5.1 2.9 3.3 4.6 3.4 3.9 3.3 4.5 3.5 5.0 3.4 2.4 2.4 4.2 2.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 7.8 6.3 5.2 8.6 6.7 7.9 6.2 7.1 8.7 8.3 9.0 5.7 6.5 9.3 6.3 8.0 6.3 9.4 7.1 8.5 6.8 4.8 5.1 9.0 5.0 0.4 29.6 0.5 24.8 0.4 21.2 0.6 30.4 0.3 28.7 0.4 29.3 0.5 24.8 0.4 29.2 0.4 28.6 0.2 27.8 0.4 30.5 0.3 26.6 0.2 23.6 0.7 32.0 0.4 25.5 0.5 31.7 0.4 28.0 0.5 33.3 0.5 30.0 0.7 31.1 0.5 25.9 0.3 19.3 0.4 23.4 0.5 31.4 0.3 21.4 0.7 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 45.4 53.2 59.4 44.3 46.7 45.0 55.6 42.5 39.6 42.8 37.9 53.6 50.5 37.9 50.4 42.1 49.7 36.7 45.6 37.1 50.1 61.7 58.1 39.4 61.1 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 1 Poverty status is determined for individuals in housing units and noninstitutional group quarters. The poverty universe excludes children under the age of 15 who are not related to the householder, people living in institutional group quarters (e.g., nursing homes or correctional facilities), and people living in college dormitories or military barracks. People and families are classified as being in poverty if their income is less than their poverty threshold. If their income is less than one-half of their poverty threshold, they are below .50 of poverty; less than the threshold itself, they are in poverty (below 100 percent of poverty); less than 1.25 times the threshold, below 125 percent of poverty, and so on. 2 Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. This number, when added to or subtracted from the estimate, forms the 90 percent confidence interval. Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, refer to <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical- documentation/code-lists.html>. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates. 14 U.S. Census Bureau