Calculate Future Value of a lump sum investment with compounding. FV = PV × (1 + r/n)^(n×t). Use compounding: annually, semi_annually, quarterly, monthly, daily, continuous.

Calculate Present Value — what a future sum is worth today. PV = FV / (1 + r/n)^(n×t).

Calculate Future Value of regular periodic payments (annuity/SIP). Ordinary annuity: payments at end of period. Due: at beginning.

Calculate Present Value of regular periodic payments. Useful for valuing loan payments, pension, lease payments.

Calculate Present Value of perpetuity (infinite periodic payments). Simple: PV = PMT/r. Growing: PV = PMT/(r-g).

Rule of 72: Approximate how many years to double your money. Years ≈ 72 / annual_rate.

Calculate Effective Annual Rate from nominal rate. EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1. Compare rates with different compounding.

Calculate real (inflation-adjusted) rate of return using Fisher equation. (1 + real) = (1 + nominal) / (1 + inflation).

Calculate future cost of something after inflation. Shows how much more you'll need in the future for the same expense.

Calculate monthly savings required to reach a financial target. Accounts for existing savings and expected returns.

Calculate EMI (Equated Monthly Instalment) for a loan. EMI = P × r × (1+r)^n / ((1+r)^n - 1). Also shows total interest paid and interest-to-principal ratio.

Generate loan amortization schedule showing month-wise principal/interest split. Shows how the interest component decreases and principal component increases over time.

Compare multiple loan options to find the best deal. Input: JSON array of loans, each with: principal, annual_rate, tenure_years, name. Example: [{"principal": 5000000, "annual_rate": 8.5, "tenure_years": 20, "name": "Bank A"}]

Calculate how much you save by prepaying a loan (extra EMI or lump sum). Shows interest saved and tenure reduction.

Should you invest surplus money or prepay an existing loan? Compares post-tax investment return vs effective loan cost.

Analyze if consolidating multiple debts into one loan makes sense. Input debts_json: [{"name": "Credit Card", "balance": 100000, "rate": 36, "emi": 5000}]

Calculate net worth from assets and liabilities. Input JSON maps of name:value pairs. Example assets: {"house": 5000000, "stocks": 200000, "fd": 300000} Example liabilities: {"home_loan": 3000000, "car_loan": 500000}

Calculate all key financial health ratios: Savings ratio, Debt-to-Income, Liquidity ratio, Solvency ratio, Expense ratio. Includes assessments and benchmarks.

Calculate recommended emergency fund size (3-6 months of expenses). Adjusts for dependents and job stability. job_stability: stable, moderate, unstable.

Analyze household budget using the 50/30/20 rule. 50% Needs | 30% Wants | 20% Savings. expenses_json: {"rent": 20000, "food": 10000, "entertainment": 5000}

Plan for a financial goal (education, house, car, wedding, etc.). Adjusts target for inflation, calculates monthly SIP needed.

Comprehensive retirement planning calculator. Calculates: corpus needed at retirement, monthly SIP needed, accounts for inflation on expenses and pension shortfall.

Plan for child's education expense. Adjusts cost for education inflation (typically higher than CPI). Calculates monthly SIP needed.

Calculate life insurance need using Human Life Value (HLV) method. HLV = PV of future earnings + Outstanding loans + Future goals - Existing cover.

Comprehensive financial health score (0-100) with rating and recommendations. Evaluates: savings ratio, debt levels, emergency fund, net worth, insurance, liquidity, expense ratio, age-appropriate wealth.

Calculate bond price using DCF of coupon payments and face value. Price = Σ[C/(1+r)^t] + FV/(1+r)^n. coupon_frequency: 1=annual, 2=semi-annual, 4=quarterly.

Calculate Yield to Maturity — the internal rate of return of a bond. Uses Newton-Raphson iteration for precision.

Calculate Current Yield = Annual Coupon / Market Price × 100.

Calculate Macaulay Duration and Modified Duration. Duration measures interest rate sensitivity of a bond. Modified Duration shows % price change per 1% yield change.

Calculate bond convexity — second-order measure of interest rate risk. Higher convexity = less price sensitivity to large yield changes.

Price a zero-coupon bond. Price = FV / (1+r)^n. Zero-coupon bonds pay no periodic interest, sold at discount.

Value a stock using Gordon Growth Model (Dividend Discount Model). P = D1 / (r - g). For stable, dividend-paying companies. required_return must be > growth_rate.

Two-stage DDM for companies with initial high growth transitioning to stable growth. Stage 1: High growth dividends discounted. Stage 2: Gordon model terminal value.

Value stock using P/E ratio relative valuation. Fair Price = EPS × Industry P/E. Optionally calculates PEG ratio for growth-adjusted valuation.

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation. Input projected Free Cash Flows as JSON array: [100, 120, 140, 160, 180]. EV = Σ[FCF/(1+WACC)^t] + Terminal Value. Equity = EV - Net Debt.

Calculate dividend yield = Annual Dividend / Market Price × 100.

Calculate SIP (Systematic Investment Plan) returns. Shows future value, total invested, and wealth gained. Optional step_up_percentage: annual increase in SIP amount (e.g., 10 for 10%).

Calculate monthly SIP needed to reach a target corpus. Inverse SIP calculation — find the monthly amount for a given goal.

Compare lump sum investment vs SIP for the same total amount. Lump sum: invest everything today. SIP: spread equally over the period.

Show how expense ratio eats into your mutual fund returns over time. Optionally compare two funds with different expense ratios.

Systematic Withdrawal Plan — how long will your corpus last? Calculate sustainability of regular withdrawals from an investment corpus.

Calculate CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate). CAGR = (End/Start)^(1/n) - 1. Standard measure for investment returns.

Calculate Mutual Fund NAV (Net Asset Value). NAV = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Units Outstanding.

Calculate expected portfolio return. E(Rp) = Σ w_i × E(R_i). weights: [0.6, 0.4], returns: [15, 8] (percentages).

Calculate portfolio risk (variance and standard deviation). Shows diversification benefit. correlations: NxN matrix, e.g., [[1, 0.3], [0.3, 1]].

Analyze a two-asset portfolio — return, risk, and minimum variance weights. Also finds the optimal minimum variance portfolio allocation.

Calculate expected return using CAPM. E(R) = Rf + β × (Rm - Rf). Beta < 1: defensive, Beta > 1: aggressive.

Calculate Sharpe Ratio = (Rp - Rf) / σp. Measures risk-adjusted return per unit of total risk.

Calculate Treynor Ratio = (Rp - Rf) / β. Measures excess return per unit of systematic risk (beta).

Calculate Jensen's Alpha = Rp - [Rf + β(Rm - Rf)]. Measures portfolio manager's skill — excess return over CAPM expectation.

Calculate Information Ratio = Active Return / Tracking Error. Measures consistency of outperformance vs benchmark.

Calculate Sortino Ratio = (Rp - Rf) / Downside Deviation. Like Sharpe but only penalizes downside volatility, not upside.

Suggest asset allocation based on age, risk profile, and investment horizon. Uses 100-age equity rule with adjustments. This is the single source of truth for an equity/debt/gold split — assess_risk_profile returns the same numbers. Pass monthly_investment to also get exact per-bucket monthly amounts. risk_profile: conservative, moderately_conservative, moderate, moderately_aggressive, aggressive.

Calculate trades needed to rebalance portfolio to target allocation. target_allocation: {"equity": 60, "debt": 30, "gold": 10} (percentages). current_values: {"equity": 700000, "debt": 250000, "gold": 50000} (amounts).

Fair value of a futures/forward contract using cost-of-carry. Use when a user asks 'what should the futures/forward price be', about carry, contango/backwardation, or arbitrage-free pricing of index/stock futures. F = Spot × e^((r-q)×t). Set dividend_yield for stocks/indices.

Payoff, profit/loss and breakeven of an option leg at expiry. Use for 'if I buy/sell a call/put at strike X for premium Y, what is my P&L if the stock ends at Z', options breakeven, max profit/loss questions. option_type: call|put. position: long|short.

Put-call parity: derive the fair call or put price, or detect arbitrage. Provide whichever option price you know; leave the other at -1 to solve it. C - P = S - K×e^(-r×t).

Theoretical European option price (Black-Scholes) and delta. Use for 'what is a fair option premium', option valuation, implied pricing. volatility is annualised in percent (e.g. 20 for 20%).

Number of index-futures contracts needed to hedge an equity portfolio. Use for 'how do I protect/hedge my portfolio against a market fall', beta hedging, downside protection. N = (β × Value) / (Index × Lot Size).

PPF (Public Provident Fund) maturity value for a fixed yearly deposit. Use for 'how much will my PPF grow to', PPF maturity/corpus, tax-free long-term government savings. Annual compounding over (default) 15 years.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) maturity for a girl child. Use for daughter education/marriage savings, SSY corpus. Deposits for 15 years, matures in 21 years, annual compounding.

NSC (National Savings Certificate) maturity. Lump-sum, interest reinvested, annual compounding (typically 5-year tenure).

KVP (Kisan Vikas Patra) — doubles your money; returns the tenure required at the given interest rate. Use for 'how long to double my money in KVP'.

SCSS (Senior Citizens Savings Scheme) — quarterly interest income and the principal returned at maturity. Use for retiree regular-income planning.

Recurring Deposit (RD) maturity for a fixed monthly deposit, quarterly compounding. Use for 'monthly bank RD maturity / interest'.

Fixed Deposit (FD) maturity and effective yield. compounding: annually | half_yearly | quarterly | monthly. Use for bank/NBFC FD maturity.

EPF (Employees' Provident Fund) retirement corpus with salary growth. Use for 'how big will my EPF/PF be at retirement', employer+employee contributions compounding monthly.

Calculate gratuity under India's Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. Use when a user asks about gratuity eligibility or payout at retirement/resignation. Applies to employees with 5+ years of continuous service. Tax-exempt up to ₹20,00,000. Formula: Gratuity = (Last Salary × 15 × Years) / 26

Household cash-flow analysis: monthly surplus, savings rate, expense ratio. Use when a user describes their income and spending and asks 'how am I doing', 'how much can I save/invest', or wants a budget health check.

Debt-to-income (debt servicing) ratio and how much more EMI is prudent. Use for 'can I afford another loan', 'am I over-leveraged', loan eligibility.

Contingency / emergency fund target and shortfall. Use for 'how big should my emergency fund be', 'am I covered if I lose my job'. Recommend 3-6 months of expenses (12 if income is irregular).

Determine an investor's risk profile (conservative→aggressive) and a suggested equity/debt split from age, horizon, income stability, knowledge, and reaction to losses. Use when a user asks 'what kind of investor am I', 'how much risk should I take', or before recommending an asset allocation. Scales 1-5 for income_stability, investment_knowledge, loss_reaction.

Holistic financial plan from a user's life situation — the best first tool when someone describes their finances in plain language ('I'm 30, earn X, spend Y, have a home loan, want to retire at 60'). It chains net worth, cash flow, emergency fund, debt-to-income, risk profiling and a retirement gap into ONE prioritised action plan, in the canonical financial-planning order (evaluate → protect → reduce debt → profile risk → invest for goals). Call this to bridge a free-form story to concrete numbers, then drill into specific calculators (SIP, retirement, loans) for detail.

Search Indian mutual-fund schemes by name (AMFI data) and get their scheme codes. Use when a user names a fund ('Parag Parikh Flexi Cap') and you need its code before fetching the live NAV.

Latest live NAV for an AMFI mutual-fund scheme code. Use for 'what's the current NAV of fund X' (first find the code with search_mutual_funds).

Live currency exchange rates (ECB reference, via Frankfurter). Use for 'what's the USD/INR rate', converting amounts, or FX-impact questions. symbols can be comma-separated, e.g. 'INR,EUR,GBP'.

Live equity/index quote (Yahoo Finance). Use for 'current price/level of X'. Examples: '^NSEI' Nifty 50, '^BSESN' Sensex, 'RELIANCE.NS', 'AAPL'.