lab-modbus-mcp

Modbus RTU / TCP instrument backend package for lab-executor-mcp.

Status

MB-3 adds a thin MCP CLI, CI and Trusted Publishing workflows, and an experimental OMRON E5CC reference definition and ramp/hold recipe. MB-2 provides asynchronous Modbus TCP and RTU transport through pymodbus 3.x. Connections are opened lazily and reused until communication fails or close() is called.

Three usage modes

A: backend by itself

ModbusBackend implements the lab-executor InstrumentBackend protocol and can be injected into another Python application. This is the low-level mode; the caller must apply its own command allowlist and value-range policy.

from lab_modbus_mcp import ModbusBackend

backend = ModbusBackend(resources=["MODBUS::COM3::1"])
value = await backend.query("MODBUS::COM3::1", "RH 8192 s16 s0.1")
backend.close()

B: standalone MCP server

The CLI uses only the public BEF server contract (compose_server and run_mcp_with_control). --control-port 0 lets the OS choose a localhost control port. --dry-run performs composition without connecting to a bus and prints the available MCP tools.

lab-modbus serve --resource MODBUS::COM3::1 --baudrate 9600 --parity E
lab-modbus serve --resource MODBUS::192.168.0.10::502::1 --dry-run

C: part of an integrated lab

Installation registers the modbus backend entry point. lab-executor can discover it and combine it with VISA or another backend through CompositeBackend; the case-sensitive MODBUS:: prefix selects this backend.

# instruments/_system.yaml
backends:
  visa: {}
  modbus:
    resources:
      - "MODBUS::COM3::1"
    baudrate: 9600
    bytesize: 8
    parity: "E"
    stopbits: 1

Wire commands

The existing instrument-definition scpi field carries a formatted Modbus wire command. lab-executor remains protocol-independent and continues to enforce parameter ranges and capabilities before calling the backend.

RH <addr> <type> [s<scale>]
RI <addr> <type> [s<scale>]
RC <addr>
RD <addr>
WH <addr> <type> [s<scale>] <value>
WC <addr> <0|1>

Register types are u16, s16, u32be, u32le, s32be, s32le, float32be, and float32le. Every 32-bit type must explicitly declare word order; ambiguous u32, s32, and float32 are rejected. be is high-word first and le is low-word first. Bytes inside each 16-bit register retain Modbus big-endian order.

On read, scale is raw * scale for every type. On write, integer register types use round(value / scale) with Python's ties-to-even round, while float32 types use value / scale without rounding so fractional values are preserved. The default scale is 1.0. Unknown tokens, extra arguments, missing values, non-finite numbers, and out-of-range addresses fail closed.

Resource names

MODBUS::COM3::1
MODBUS::/dev/ttyUSB0::1
MODBUS::192.168.0.10::502::1

The first two forms are RTU; the third is TCP. Unit IDs are restricted to 1–247. TCP ports are 1–65535. The entry point owns only the MODBUS:: prefix.

Mock backend

Raw 16-bit register maps can be injected for low-level codec tests. Logical initial values can inject type and scale together by using read commands as keys:

from lab_modbus_mcp import MockModbusBackend

backend = MockModbusBackend(
    initial_values={
        "RH 0 u16 s0.1": 25.0,
        "RI 10 s16": -4,
        "RC 20": True,
    }
)

The mock has no separate raw-write or register-write helper. Its Protocol write() accepts only WH and WC. Production use must invoke it through declared type: write instrument commands so lab-executor performs its existing range and capability gates; the backend Protocol itself is not a replacement for that safety boundary.

For the BEF conformance kit only, the mock recognizes exact *IDN? and CONF probes as side-effect-free operations. Pass allow_conformance_probes=False to disable them. The normal wire parser and real backend reject both.

Transport configuration

The entry-point configuration accepts the following keys. Unknown keys are rejected.

The serial settings apply to every configured RTU port in that backend instance. TCP resources take host and port from their resource names.

registration = make_backend(
    {
        "resources": [
            "MODBUS::COM3::1",
            "MODBUS::192.168.0.10::502::2",
        ],
        "read_retries": 1,
        "baudrate": 19200,
        "bytesize": 8,
        "parity": "E",
        "stopbits": 1,
    }
)

Each query() and write() call enforces its timeout_ms. Communication failures close the affected connection, and the next attempt reconnects. Reads may retry according to read_retries. Writes are never automatically retried, even when the outcome is unknown after a timeout; retrying could apply the same physical action twice. A 32-bit write is always sent as one write_registers request containing both words.

Transactions are serialized by physical bus: RTU uses serial_port, and TCP uses host:tcp_port. Unit ID is intentionally not part of the lock key because multiple units can share one serial line or gateway connection. Explicit Modbus exception responses are reported separately from timeout, disconnect, CRC, and framing communication failures and are not retried.

close() is synchronous, idempotent, and best-effort. Calling it prevents new I/O through that backend instance.

Entry point

Installing the package registers:

[project.entry-points."lab_executor.backends"]
modbus = "lab_modbus_mcp.discovery:make_backend"

make_backend(config) returns BackendRegistration(prefixes=("MODBUS::",)) and accepts only the transport configuration listed above.

RTU verification scope

Automated tests verify RTU client construction, configured serial parameters, unit-ID forwarding, and serial-port lock sharing. They do not claim physical RTU communication coverage because no serial adapter or field device is available in CI. TCP coverage uses a real pymodbus asynchronous server over a loopback socket and exercises protocol framing, all register types, scaling, coils, and discrete/input reads.

Bundled OMRON E5CC reference definition

The package contains builtin_instruments/omron_e5cc_2byte_01c.yaml. It is based only on OMRON's public E5[]C Digital Temperature Controllers Communications Manual, H175-E1-18, sections 4-4-3 and 5-1:

• PV: two-byte-mode address 0x2000

• internal SP: two-byte-mode address 0x2002

• writable SP: two-byte-mode address 0x2103

• RUN/STOP: operation-command address 0x0000, values 0x0100 / 0x0101

Source: https://www.omron-ap.com/data_pdf/mnu/h175-e1-18_e5_c.pdf?id=3102

No undocumented register address was guessed. The profile deliberately assumes two-byte Modbus mode and a decimal-point setting of one (0.1 degC). Its 0..400 degC SP range is a conservative template application limit, not a universal E5CC sensor range. Confirm the exact model supports RS-485, enable communications writing, and verify the mode, decimal point, sensor range, limits, wiring, and fail-safe hardware before use.

The definition declares metadata.support_level: experimental because it was derived from a manual and has not been tested on hardware. Its description also states that the register addresses require confirmation. Do not change the support level to verified until identify, commands, state queries, verification, and safe shutdown have all been checked on the target hardware.

The bundled temperature_ramp_and_hold_reference recipe performs incremental SP writes, waits for stability with wait_for_stable, then holds. It uses MODBUS::COM3::1 as an explicit template resource and must be adjusted for the real resource and thermal process. It is a reference, not a validated thermal profile.

Safety

• Through lab-executor, writable registers must be exposed by named instrument commands. The bundled E5CC definition exposes only SP and documented RUN/STOP operations; its variable SP argument has a mandatory range.

• The low-level backend does not turn arbitrary wire commands into a safe device policy. Mode A callers must enforce an equivalent allowlist and ranges.

• Writes are never automatically retried, preventing an unknown outcome from being applied twice.

• Every 32-bit value is transferred in one multi-register transaction.

• Bus access is serialized per serial port or TCP host/port.

• The bundled definition is hardware-unverified and marked experimental.

Development

python -m pytest -q
ruff check src tests
ruff format --check src tests
python -m build
python -m twine check dist/*

License

MIT