Decode resistor color bands to get resistance value and tolerance.

Supports both 4-band and 5-band resistors:

• 4-band: digit, digit, multiplier, tolerance (common resistors)

• 5-band: digit, digit, digit, multiplier, tolerance (precision resistors)

Examples: 4-band: Brown, Black, Red, Gold → 1kΩ ±5% 5-band: Brown, Black, Black, Brown, Brown → 1kΩ ±1%

Encode a resistance value into color bands.

Converts a resistance value (in ohms) to the corresponding color band sequence.

Examples: 4700Ω, 5% → Yellow, Violet, Red, Gold 1000Ω, 1% → Brown, Black, Black, Brown, Brown (5-band)

Find the nearest standard resistor value from E-series.

Standard resistor series:

• E12: 12 values per decade (±10% tolerance)

• E24: 24 values per decade (±5% tolerance)

• E96: 96 values per decade (±1% tolerance)

Returns the closest standard value and nearby alternatives.

Calculate capacitive reactance (Xc) at a given frequency.

Formula: Xc = 1 / (2π × f × C)

Capacitive reactance represents the opposition to AC current flow through a capacitor. It decreases as frequency increases (capacitors pass high frequencies more easily).

Examples: 1µF at 1kHz → Xc ≈ 159Ω 100nF at 10kHz → Xc ≈ 159Ω

Calculate RC circuit time constant (τ = R × C).

The time constant τ represents:

• Time to charge to ~63.2% of final voltage

• Time to discharge to ~36.8% of initial voltage

• 5τ ≈ 99.3% of final value (considered "fully" charged/discharged)

Examples: 10kΩ + 100µF → τ = 1 second 1kΩ + 1µF → τ = 1 millisecond

Calculate LC resonant frequency.

Formula: f = 1 / (2π√(LC))

At resonance:

• Inductive reactance (XL) equals capacitive reactance (Xc)

• Impedance is at minimum (series) or maximum (parallel)

• Used in tuned circuits, filters, oscillators

Examples: 1mH + 1nF → f ≈ 159kHz 100µH + 100pF → f ≈ 1.59MHz

Recommend capacitor value for an RC filter design.

For a given cutoff frequency and resistance, calculates the required capacitance and suggests the nearest standard E12 series value.

Formula: C = 1 / (2π × f × R)

Examples: 1kHz cutoff with 10kΩ → C ≈ 15.9nF (use 15nF or 18nF) 100Hz cutoff with 1kΩ → C ≈ 1.59µF (use 1.5µF or 2.2µF)

Get detailed information about a specific GPIO pin.

Returns pin name, alternative functions, capabilities (PWM, ADC, etc.), and important notes about usage restrictions or recommendations.

Args: board_type: Development board type (ESP32, Arduino UNO, or STM32) pin_number: Physical pin number

Returns: Formatted pin information including functions and notes

List all pins that support PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output.

PWM pins are essential for:

• LED dimming

• Motor speed control

• Servo control

• Analog-like output generation

Args: board_type: Development board type

Returns: List of PWM-capable pins with timer information

List all pins that support ADC (Analog-to-Digital Conversion) input.

ADC pins are used for reading:

• Sensors (temperature, light, pressure)

• Potentiometers and analog controls

• Battery voltage monitoring

• Analog signals

Args: board_type: Development board type

Returns: List of ADC-capable pins with channel information and notes

List all pins that support I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) communication.

I2C is used for:

• Sensor modules (IMU, temperature, pressure)

• OLED/LCD displays

• EEPROM chips

• RTC modules

Args: board_type: Development board type

Returns: I2C pin pairs (SDA/SCL) with notes

List all pins that support SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communication.

SPI is used for:

• SD cards

• Display modules (TFT, ePaper)

• Flash memory chips

• High-speed sensor communication

Args: board_type: Development board type

Returns: SPI pin assignments (MOSI, MISO, SCK, SS/NSS)

Check if multiple pins have conflicting functions or usage restrictions.

Detects conflicts such as:

• Using ADC2 pins with WiFi on ESP32

• Using UART pins during serial debugging

• Strapping pins that affect boot behavior

• Shared peripheral buses (SPI, I2C)

Args: board_type: Development board type pin_list: List of pin numbers you plan to use

Returns: Conflict analysis with warnings and recommendations

Generate an ASCII art pinout diagram for the development board.

Shows physical pin layout with pin numbers, names, and key functions in an easy-to-read text format.

Args: board_type: Development board type

Returns: ASCII art pinout diagram