pubmed-mcp-server

Public Hosted Server: https://pubmed.caseyjhand.com/mcp

Overview

Biomedical literature from PubMed, PubMed Central, and Europe PMC. Search it, fetch metadata and full text, resolve identifiers and partial citations, format references, and ground queries in MeSH vocabulary. Runs as a stdio process, a local Streamable HTTP server, or the public hosted endpoint above.

Tools

Resources

Prompts

Related MCP server: artl-mcp

Capability reference

pubmed_search_articles tool

• Full PubMed query syntax plus filters (author, journal, MeSH, publication type, language, species, abstract, free full text) and publication/modification/Entrez date ranges

• Up to 1,000 results per page and offsets up to 9,998, or maxResults: 0 for the match count alone; summaryCount adds briefs for up to 50 hits

• Reports totalCount, the effectiveQuery PubMed ran, and the appliedFilters

• Rejects blank filter values, impossible dates, and reversed date ranges before PubMed is called

pubmed_fetch_articles tool

• Up to 200 PMIDs per call; misses are listed in unavailablePmids

• Abstract, authors, journal, DOI, publication types, linked retraction/erratum/comment notices, and links; MeSH terms on by default, grants via includeGrants, and the members of a collective author (its InvestigatorList, thousands on some consortium trials) via includeInvestigators

• A retracted, corrected, or questioned article opens with the same notice block as pubmed_format_citations, directly under its title

• recordType separates journal articles from Bookshelf chapters and books; opt-in maxResponseCharacters defers overflow to deferred.ids

pubmed_fetch_fulltext tool

• pmcids, pmids, and dois in any mix, up to 50 distinct identifiers per call: the first 10 are fetched and the rest returned in overLimit for a follow-up call. Each is tried against PMC, then Europe PMC, then Unpaywall (needs UNPAYWALL_EMAIL); an article several of them name is fetched and returned once, and viaSource names the tier that answered

• source: "pmc" returns sections (the body, then back matter such as acknowledgments, declarations, and appendices), tables, and figures; source: "unpaywall" returns a best-effort HTML or PDF text body

• Misses carry a typed reason and triedTiers; sections, maxCharacters, overflowMode, and maxResponseCharacters bound the response, and truncation reports what was cut

pubmed_europepmc_search tool

• Adds preprints (PPR), patents (PAT), and Agricola (AGR) to MED and PMC; defaults to MED, PMC, PPR

• Cursor pagination via cursorMark / nextCursorMark, up to 100 per page; abstracts arrive as 400-character snippets

• Optional sort of comma-separated <field> asc|desc keys; relevance is the default order, and a sort Europe PMC cannot use fails as europepmc_invalid_input

• Not registered when EUROPEPMC_ENABLED=false

pubmed_europepmc_fetch tool

• Up to 25 records per call as records: [{ source, epmcId }], each pair copied from a search hit, with the full abstract; unresolved ids land in notFound; opt-in maxResponseCharacters defers overflow to deferred.records

• Not registered when EUROPEPMC_ENABLED=false

pubmed_format_citations tool

• Up to 50 PMIDs per call, in any mix of apa, mla, bibtex, ris, and vancouver

• Bookshelf records cite as edited books, each chapter dated by its own last revision or contribution date; PMIDs that can't be fetched are reported as unavailable

• Retractions, errata, and expressions of concern NCBI links to an article come back as notices and are shown ahead of its citations; Vancouver adds a Retraction in: / Erratum in: note and APA a retraction parenthetical

pubmed_find_related tool

• similar, cited_by, or references, up to 50 per page with offset pagination

• Falls back to Europe PMC, then OpenAlex, and names the provider that answered; fails as all_providers_failed if none can

pubmed_spell_check tool

• Returns original, corrected, and hasSuggestion; corrections land in place, so field tags, operators, spacing, and gene symbols stay as written

• Run it after a zero-hit or thin search, then retry pubmed_search_articles with corrected

pubmed_lookup_mesh tool

• Descriptors by name or free-text term, with an exact heading match pinned first (the descriptor, for a drug-class heading); up to 50 per page, continued via nextOffset

• Records carry their MeSH unique ID (meshId, e.g. D000072657) beside the Entrez UID; includeDetails (default on) adds tree numbers, scope notes, and entry terms

pubmed_lookup_citation tool

• Up to 25 partial citations per call; a journal or a four-digit year is required, and volume, first page, and author sharpen the match

• Each is matched independently and comes back matched, not_found, or ambiguous, with recovery detail

pubmed_convert_ids tool

• Up to 50 ids per call, all of one declared idType (doi, pmid, pmcid); only PMC-indexed articles resolve

• One success or error row per id, in order, so a partial batch never fails

pubmed://database/info resource

• Live EInfo call for the pubmed database, returned as application/json

• count, lastUpdate, and fields[], whose names are the search tags pubmed_search_articles accepts

research_plan prompt

• Arguments: title, goal, and keywords required; organism and includeAgentPrompts optional

• Returns a four-phase research plan; includeAgentPrompts: "true" adds an agent-guidance block under each of its nine sub-steps, two of which point at tools: the literature review names pubmed_search_articles and pubmed_lookup_mesh, and the interpretation step names pubmed_search_articles

Features

Built on @cyanheads/mcp-ts-core: stdio and Streamable HTTP transports, pluggable auth (none / jwt / oauth), swappable storage (in-memory, filesystem, Supabase, Cloudflare KV/R2/D1), structured logging with optional OpenTelemetry tracing.

PubMed-specific:

• NCBI E-utilities (ESearch, EFetch, ESummary, ELink, ESpell, EInfo, ECitMatch) and the PMC ID Converter, with Europe PMC, OpenAlex, and Unpaywall filling the gaps

• Shared NCBI request queue: paced request starts, capped concurrency, a cooldown that holds every caller after an NCBI 429, and one deadline covering queue wait and retries

• XML parsing built for PubMed's inconsistent records: structured abstracts, missing fields, varying date formats

• Forgiving identifiers: a zero-padded PMID resolves as the PMID it spells in every tool that takes one; pubmed_fetch_fulltext also matches DOIs case-insensitively and PMC IDs with or without the PMC prefix

• Hand-rolled citation formatters (APA, MLA, BibTeX, RIS, Vancouver) with no dependencies

Agent-friendly output:

• Provenance on every response: source labels, license fields, best-effort warnings on Unpaywall results, and effective-query echo on searches, so agents can judge what to trust

• Graceful partial failure: batch tools return per-item success/error rows instead of failing the request, with structured status codes and actionable next-step text

• Discriminated output contracts: source: "pmc" | "unpaywall", typed unavailable reasons, viaSource and triedTiers fields, so callers branch on data, not string parsing

Getting started

Public Hosted Instance

A public instance is available at https://pubmed.caseyjhand.com/mcp — no installation required. Point any MCP client at it via Streamable HTTP:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "pubmed-mcp-server": {
      "type": "streamable-http",
      "url": "https://pubmed.caseyjhand.com/mcp"
    }
  }
}

Self-Hosted / Local

Add the following to your MCP client configuration file.

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "pubmed-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "bunx",
      "args": ["@cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server@latest"],
      "env": {
        "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE": "stdio",
        "MCP_LOG_LEVEL": "info",
        "NCBI_API_KEY": "your-key-here"
      }
    }
  }
}

Or with npx (no Bun required):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "pubmed-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "npx",
      "args": ["-y", "@cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server@latest"],
      "env": {
        "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE": "stdio",
        "MCP_LOG_LEVEL": "info",
        "NCBI_API_KEY": "your-key-here"
      }
    }
  }
}

Or with Docker:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "pubmed-mcp-server": {
      "type": "stdio",
      "command": "docker",
      "args": ["run", "-i", "--rm", "-e", "MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE=stdio", "ghcr.io/cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server:latest"]
    }
  }
}

For Streamable HTTP, set the transport and start the server:

MCP_TRANSPORT_TYPE=http MCP_HTTP_PORT=3010 bun run start:http
# Server listens at http://localhost:3010/mcp

Prerequisites

• Bun v1.4.0 or higher (or Node.js v24+).

• Optional: an NCBI API key raises the rate limit from 3 to 10 requests per second.

Installation

1. Clone the repository:

git clone https://github.com/cyanheads/pubmed-mcp-server.git

2. Navigate into the directory:

cd pubmed-mcp-server

3. Install dependencies:

bun install

4. Configure environment:

cp .env.example .env
# edit .env and set NCBI_API_KEY, NCBI_ADMIN_EMAIL, and UNPAYWALL_EMAIL as needed

Configuration

See .env.example for every server setting and the common framework overrides.

Running the server

Local development

• Build and run the production version:

  # One-time build
  bun run rebuild
  
  # Run the built server
  bun run start:http
  # or
  bun run start:stdio

• Run checks and tests:

  bun run devcheck  # Lints, formats, type-checks, and more
  bun run test      # Runs the test suite

Project structure

Development guide

See CLAUDE.md for development guidelines and architectural rules. The short version:

• Handlers throw, framework catches — no try/catch in tool logic

• Use ctx.log for logging, ctx.state for storage

• Register new tools and resources in the createApp() arrays in src/index.ts

• Wrap external API calls: validate raw → normalize to domain type → return output schema; never fabricate missing fields

Contributing

Issues are welcome. Run checks and tests before submitting:

bun run devcheck
bun run test

License

This project is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. See the LICENSE file for details.