SemanticScholar_MCP
SemanticScholar_MCP
Deterministische Model-Context-Protocol-Schnittstellen für die drei Semantic-Scholar-API-Familien:
S2AG — Academic-Graph-Suche, Metadaten, Autoren, Zitationen und Referenzen.
Recommendations — der Paper-Empfehlungsdienst von Semantic Scholar.
Datasets — Release-Erkennung, Dataset-Manifeste und inkrementelle Dataset-Updates.
Das Projekt bietet bewusst dünne API-Wrapper statt eines agentischen Literaturrecherche-Systems.
Design
Die zentrale Regel lautet:
Ein MCP-Toolaufruf entspricht einer dokumentierten Semantic-Scholar-Operation.
Die Server übernehmen Transportaufgaben wie Validierung, Authentifizierung, Rate-Limitierung, Wiederholungsversuche und Antwortnormalisierung.
Sie entscheiden nicht, welche Literatur wissenschaftlich wichtig ist.
Zum Beispiel:
Agent
│
├── "Search for paired-pulse TMS papers"
│ │
│ ▼
│ S2AG MCP
│ │
│ ▼
│ Semantic Scholar
│
├── "Recommend papers from these three seed papers"
│ │
│ ▼
│ Recommendations MCP
│ │
│ ▼
│ Semantic Scholar
│
└── "Describe the latest S2ORC dataset release"
│
▼
Datasets MCP
│
▼
Semantic ScholarSuchexpansion, wissenschaftliche Interpretation, Zusammenfassung, Strategie zur Erkundung des Zitationsgraphen und Forschungssynthese bleiben Aufgaben des konsumierenden Agenten.
Related MCP server: Semantic Scholar MCP Server
Repository-Struktur
SemanticScholar_MCP/
├── src/
│ └── semantic_scholar_mcp/
│ ├── common/
│ │ ├── client.py
│ │ ├── errors.py
│ │ ├── models.py
│ │ ├── rate_limit.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ ├── datasets/
│ │ ├── server.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ ├── recommendations/
│ │ ├── server.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ ├── s2ag/
│ │ ├── server.py
│ │ └── __init__.py
│ └── __init__.py
├── tests/
├── AGENTS.md
├── CLAUDE.md
├── pyproject.toml
└── README.mdVoraussetzungen
Python 3.11 oder neuer
Internetzugriff auf Semantic Scholar
optionaler Semantic-Scholar-API-Schlüssel
Die Implementierung verwendet die aktuelle v2-Linie des offiziellen Python-MCP-SDK.
Installation
Erstellen Sie eine virtuelle Umgebung:
py -3.14 -m venv .venv
.\.venv\Scripts\Activate.ps1Installieren Sie das Paket im bearbeitbaren Modus mit Entwicklungsabhängigkeiten:
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install -e ".[dev]"Alternativ mit uv:
uv venv --python 3.14
uv pip install -e ".[dev]"Python 3.14 ist nicht erforderlich; das Projekt unterstützt Python 3.11 und höher.
Nach der Konfiguration der Python-Paketumgebung führen Sie optional Tests aus:
pytest
ruff check .
ruff format --check .Wenn Sie bereits SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEY als Systemumgebungsvariable konfiguriert haben (siehe nächster Abschnitt, Authentifizierung), können Sie auch die Live-Integration testen:
pytest --run-integrationHinweis: Wenn Sie die Systemumgebungsvariable nach dem Start eines VSCode-Fensters auf Ihren API-Schlüssel setzen, müssen Sie alle VSCode-Fenster schließen, um VSCode vollständig neu zu starten, bevor die Systemumgebung von Tools erfasst wird, die über VSCode-Erweiterungen ausgeführt werden!
Authentifizierung
Semantic Scholar unterstützt bei vielen API-Operationen den Zugriff ohne Authentifizierung.
Wenn ein API-Schlüssel verfügbar ist, legen Sie ihn den MCP-Prozessen über Folgendes offen:
$env:SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEY = "..."Platzieren Sie den Schlüssel nicht in:
.mcp.json;.codex/config.toml;Quellcode;
eingecheckten
.env-Dateien;Test-Fixtures.
Die MCP-Server verwenden den Schlüssel automatisch, wenn er vorhanden ist.
Operationen, die eine Authentifizierung erfordern, sollten einen expliziten Fehler zurückgeben, wenn kein Schlüssel konfiguriert ist.
Hinweis (erneut): Wenn Sie die Systemumgebungsvariable nach dem Start eines VSCode-Fensters auf Ihren API-Schlüssel setzen, müssen Sie alle VSCode-Fenster schließen, um VSCode vollständig neu zu starten, bevor die Systemumgebung von Tools erfasst wird, die über VSCode-Erweiterungen ausgeführt werden!
Build-Updates
Die Skripte .\rebuild.ps1 und .\version.ps1 werden als Hilfsmittel bereitgestellt, um Versionsupdates beim Neuerstellen zu erleichtern:
rebuild.ps1
Um ohne automatisches Erhöhen der patch-Nummer neu zu erstellen, geben Sie explizit den Schalter an:
.\rebuild.ps1 -SkipVersionIncrementAndernfalls erhöht .\rebuild.ps1 die Patch-Nummer in pyproject.toml direkt automatisch.
version.ps1
Um <major> | <minor> | <patch> ohne Neuaufbau zu erhöhen:
.\version.ps1 patch -NoRebuildUm die minor-Version zu erhöhen, patch auf 0 zurückzusetzen und neu zu erstellen:
.\version.ps1 minorUm die major-Version zu erhöhen, sowohl minor als auch patch auf 0 zurückzusetzen und neu zu erstellen:
.\version.ps1 majorMCP-Client-Konfiguration
Die drei Semantic-Scholar-MCP-Server können entweder konfiguriert werden:
projektlokal, sodass sie nur innerhalb eines bestimmten Repositorys verfügbar sind; oder
benutzerglobal, sodass sie über Repositorys hinweg verfügbar sind.
Die Server sind:
s2ag— Semantic Scholar Academic Graphs2_recommendations— Semantic Scholar Recommendations APIs2_datasets— Semantic Scholar Datasets API
Die folgenden Beispiele setzen voraus, dass dieses Repository installiert ist unter:
C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCPPassen Sie den Pfad nach Bedarf an.
Die Beispiele rufen bewusst den Python-Interpreter der virtuellen Umgebung mit python -m ... auf, statt die erzeugten semantic-scholar-*.exe-Konsolenlauncher direkt aufzurufen. Dies wird während der lokalen Entwicklung unter Windows empfohlen, da das Ausführen von Konsolenlaunchern verhindern kann, dass pip sie bei einer bearbeitbaren Neuinstallation ersetzt.
Codex
Codex unterstützt sowohl benutzerglobale als auch projektlokale config.toml-Dateien.
Projektlokale Codex-Konfiguration
Erstellen oder bearbeiten Sie:
<project>/.codex/config.tomlZum Beispiel:
[mcp_servers.s2ag]
command = 'C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe'
args = ["-m", "semantic_scholar_mcp.s2ag.server"]
startup_timeout_sec = 15
tool_timeout_sec = 120
enabled = true
[mcp_servers.s2_recommendations]
command = 'C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe'
args = ["-m", "semantic_scholar_mcp.recommendations.server"]
startup_timeout_sec = 15
tool_timeout_sec = 120
enabled = true
[mcp_servers.s2_datasets]
command = 'C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe'
args = ["-m", "semantic_scholar_mcp.datasets.server"]
startup_timeout_sec = 15
tool_timeout_sec = 120
enabled = trueProjektbezogene Codex-Konfiguration wird nur für Projekte geladen, die Codex als vertrauenswürdig betrachtet.
Benutzerglobale Codex-Konfiguration
Um die Server Codex projektübergreifend zur Verfügung zu stellen, platzieren Sie dieselbe Konfiguration in:
~/.codex/config.tomlUnter Windows ist dies normalerweise:
%USERPROFILE%\.codex\config.tomlZum Beispiel:
C:\Users\<username>\.codex\config.tomlDie MCP-Serverblöcke selbst sind identisch mit dem obigen projektlokalen Beispiel.
Codex-Konfiguration überprüfen
Von einem Terminal aus:
codex mcp listEinzelne Registrierungen können auch mit Folgendem eingesehen werden:
codex mcp get s2ag
codex mcp get s2_recommendations
codex mcp get s2_datasetsClaude Code
Claude Code unterscheidet zwischen projektgeteilten und benutzerbezogenen MCP-Servern.
Projektlokale / projektgeteilte Claude-Konfiguration
Erstellen Sie:
<project>/.mcp.jsonmit:
{
"mcpServers": {
"s2ag": {
"command": "C:\\MyRepos\\Python\\SemanticScholar_MCP\\.venv\\Scripts\\python.exe",
"args": [
"-m",
"semantic_scholar_mcp.s2ag.server"
]
},
"s2_recommendations": {
"command": "C:\\MyRepos\\Python\\SemanticScholar_MCP\\.venv\\Scripts\\python.exe",
"args": [
"-m",
"semantic_scholar_mcp.recommendations.server"
]
},
"s2_datasets": {
"command": "C:\\MyRepos\\Python\\SemanticScholar_MCP\\.venv\\Scripts\\python.exe",
"args": [
"-m",
"semantic_scholar_mcp.datasets.server"
]
}
}
}Diese Datei kann in das konsumierende Repository eingecheckt werden, wenn die MCP-Konfiguration mit anderen Benutzern dieses Repositorys geteilt werden soll.
Benutzerglobale Claude-Konfiguration
Für die globale Claude-Code-Konfiguration ist der bevorzugte Ansatz, Claude Code die benutzerbezogenen MCP-Registrierungen verwalten zu lassen.
Führen Sie aus:
claude mcp add --scope user s2ag -- "C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe" -m semantic_scholar_mcp.s2ag.server
claude mcp add --scope user s2_recommendations -- "C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe" -m semantic_scholar_mcp.recommendations.server
claude mcp add --scope user s2_datasets -- "C:\MyRepos\Python\SemanticScholar_MCP\.venv\Scripts\python.exe" -m semantic_scholar_mcp.datasets.serverClaude Code speichert derzeit die benutzerbezogene MCP-Konfiguration in:
~/.claude.jsonUnter Windows:
%USERPROFILE%\.claude.jsonDie Verwendung von claude mcp add --scope user ist der manuellen Bearbeitung dieser Datei vorzuziehen, da Claude Code zusätzlichen Zustand in .claude.json besitzt.
Überprüfen Sie die Registrierungen mit:
claude mcp listWenn eine bestimmte Claude-Code-Version Probleme beim Laden benutzerbezogener MCP-Server hat, ist die Projektkonfiguration .mcp.json der einfachste Fallback.
Semantic-Scholar-API-Schlüssel
Viele Semantic-Scholar-Operationen funktionieren ohne Authentifizierung. Operationen, die einen API-Schlüssel benötigen, verwenden:
SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEYSpeichern Sie den Schlüssel nicht in einer MCP-Konfigurationsdatei.
Unter Windows kann er als Benutzerumgebungsvariable gespeichert werden:
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable(
"SEMANTIC_SCHOLAR_API_KEY",
"YOUR_API_KEY",
"User"
)Starten Sie VS Code, Codex, Claude Code oder andere MCP-Hosts nach dem Setzen der Variablen neu, damit neu gestartete MCP-Prozesse sie erben.
Die MCP-Server verwenden den Schlüssel automatisch, wenn er vorhanden ist, und bleiben andernfalls ohne Authentifizierung, wo Semantic Scholar anonymen Zugriff erlaubt.
Projektlokal vs. benutzerglobal
Eine nützliche Regel ist:
Geltungsbereich | Codex | Claude Code | Empfohlen, wenn |
Projekt |
|
| Das Repository explizit von diesen Recherche-Tools abhängt |
Benutzer |
|
| Sie Semantic Scholar in vielen unabhängigen Repositorys verfügbar haben möchten |
Für ein Forschungs-Repository, dessen Agenten explizit Literaturrecherche durchführen sollen, ist die projektlokale Konfiguration in der Regel vorzuziehen, weil die verfügbaren Recherche-Tools mit dem Repository mitgeliefert werden.
Für den allgemeinen persönlichen Zugriff auf Semantic Scholar aus beliebigen Projekten ist die benutzerglobale Konfiguration bequemer.
Gemeinsames Rate Limiting
Das anfängliche authentifizierte Ratelimit von Semantic Scholar gilt über API-Endpunkte hinweg und nicht unabhängig für jeden MCP-Server.
Dieses Repository verwendet daher einen gemeinsamen Limiter:
S2AG MCP ────────────────┐
│
Recommendations MCP ─────┼── shared limiter ──> Semantic Scholar
│
Datasets MCP ────────────┘Die Standardimplementierung sollte über alle drei lokalen Server hinweg nicht mehr als ungefähr eine Upstream-Anfrage pro Sekunde zulassen.
Dies ist wichtig, wenn mehrere Hosts gleichzeitig laufen, zum Beispiel:
VS Code / Codex
Claude Code
MCP Inspector
testsDer Limiter sollte diese Prozesse koordinieren, anstatt in jedem von ihnen eine unabhängige Uhr zu betreiben.
Wiederholungsverhalten
Vorübergehende Upstream-Fehler können mit begrenztem exponentiellem Backoff wiederholt werden.
Beispiele hierfür sind:
HTTP
429;vorübergehende
5xx-Antworten;vorübergehende Netzwerkfehler.
Retry-After wird beachtet, sofern angegeben.
Gewöhnliche Clientfehler wie ungültige Anfragen, abgelehnte Authentifizierung und fehlende Ressourcen werden nicht immer wieder erneut versucht.
Wiederholungen sind begrenzt; der MCP-Server wiederholt nie auf unbestimmte Zeit.
S2AG MCP
Führen Sie aus:
semantic-scholar-s2agoder:
python -m semantic_scholar_mcp.s2ag.serverDie anfängliche API-Oberfläche soll Folgendes umfassen:
Tool | Zweck |
| Ein bekanntes Paper abrufen |
| Bekannte Paper stapelweise abrufen |
| Strukturierte/Massen-Papersuche |
| Nach Relevanz sortierte Papersuche |
| Eine Seite von Papers abrufen, die ein Paper zitieren |
| Eine Seite der Referenzen eines Papers abrufen |
| Einen Autor abrufen |
| Bekannte Autoren stapelweise abrufen |
| Autoren suchen |
| Eine Seite der Papers eines Autors abrufen |
Die Paginierung bleibt explizit.
Eine Zitationsanfrage durchläuft den Zitationsgraphen nicht rekursiv.
Eine Suche löst nicht automatisch Folgeabfragen aus.
Recommendations MCP
Führen Sie aus:
semantic-scholar-recommendationsoder:
python -m semantic_scholar_mcp.recommendations.serverDie anfängliche Oberfläche ist bewusst klein:
Tool | Zweck |
| Empfehlungen mit einem Start-Paper anfordern |
| Empfehlungen mit bereitgestellten positiven und negativen Paper-IDs anfordern |
Der Server übergibt die vom Aufrufer gewählten Startwerte an Semantic Scholar.
Er wählt keine eigenen Startwerte und wendet auch kein zweites, von einer LLM erzeugtes Ranking auf die Ergebnisse an.
Beispielhafter konzeptioneller Ablauf:
positive:
paper A
paper B
paper C
negative:
paper D
│
▼
recommend_from_examples
│
▼
Semantic Scholar recommendation rankingDatasets MCP
Führen Sie aus:
semantic-scholar-datasetsoder:
python -m semantic_scholar_mcp.datasets.serverDie anfänglichen Tools sind:
Tool | Zweck |
| Verfügbare Dataset-Releases auflisten |
| Ein bestimmtes Release untersuchen |
| Metadaten-/Manifestinformationen für ein Dataset abrufen |
| Update-/Lösch-Manifeste zwischen Releases abrufen |
Das Datasets MCP lädt bewusst nicht automatisch vollständige Semantic-Scholar-Datasets herunter.
Einige Semantic-Scholar-Datasets sind sehr groß. Das Abrufen eines Manifests ist eine geeignete MCP-Operation; das Starten eines Multi-Gigabyte-Korpus-Downloads erfordert explizite benutzergesteuerte Tools.
Ein künftiges dediziertes CLI könnte Befehle bereitstellen wie:
s2-dataset download ...
s2-dataset update ...
s2-dataset verify ...ohne diese Operationen zu implizitem MCP-Verhalten zu machen.
Determinismus
Für dieses Projekt bedeutet deterministisch, dass die Tool-Semantik explizit und überprüfbar ist.
Ein Tool darf:
validate input
↓
wait for rate limiter
↓
make one documented API request
↓
retry transient transport failures if necessary
↓
normalize response
↓
return structured dataEin Tool darf nicht stillschweigend zu Folgendem werden:
search
↓
search again with different terms
↓
fetch every page
↓
walk citations
↓
request recommendations
↓
rank with an LLM
↓
summarize papersDie Orchestrierung auf höherer Ebene gehört außerhalb dieses Repositorys.
Paginierung
Die Paginierung wird vom Aufrufer gesteuert.
Wenn Semantic Scholar ein Fortsetzungstoken, einen Offset oder einen gleichwertigen Cursor zurückgibt, gibt der MCP-Server diesen Wert zurück.
Der Aufrufer kann explizit eine weitere Seite anfordern.
Der MCP-Server holt nicht automatisch alle verfügbaren Seiten.
Dies schützt sowohl Determinismus als auch API-Nutzung.
Felder
Wo Semantic Scholar explizite Antwortfelder unterstützt, sollten Tools nur die vom Aufrufer benötigten Felder anfordern.
Für die Benutzerfreundlichkeit kann ein kleiner Standardfeldsatz bereitgestellt werden.
Große Felder wie Abstracts oder Zitationskontexte sollten nicht automatisch angefordert werden, sofern sie nicht Teil des dokumentierten Tool-Standards sind.
Fehler
Upstream-Bedingungen sollten in stabile, verständliche MCP-Fehler übersetzt werden.
Beispiele:
authentication_required
rate_limited
not_found
invalid_request
upstream_error
transport_errorWo nützlich, kann der strukturierte Fehler Folgendes beibehalten:
HTTP-Status;
Wiederholbarkeit;
Anzahl der Versuche;
Semantic Scholar-Fehlermeldung.
Geheimnisse dürfen niemals enthalten sein.
Entwicklung
Unit-Tests ausführen:
pytestLinting ausführen:
ruff check .Formatierung prüfen:
ruff format --check .Formatierung anwenden:
ruff format .Live-Semantic-Scholar-Tests sind separat gekennzeichnet:
pytest --run-integrationNormale Unit-Tests sollten HTTP-Interaktionen mocken und dürfen kein Semantic Scholar API-Kontingent verbrauchen.
Testphilosophie
Die wichtigsten Tests verifizieren die API-Treue.
Für jedes MCP-Tool sollten Tests Folgendes bestätigen:
input
↓
exact expected HTTP operation
↓
expected response normalizationTests sollten außerdem das Fehlen versteckten Verhaltens überprüfen.
Beispielsweise sollte eine einzelne Zitationsanfrage genau einen Zitations-API-Vorgang auslösen – nicht automatisch nachfolgende Seiten oder Referenzen anfordern.
Beziehung zu Forschungswerkzeugen
Dieses Repository sollte domänenneutral bleiben.
Zum Beispiel kann es Folgendes bereitstellen:
paper A cites paper Boder:
Semantic Scholar recommends paper C from seeds A and Bes sollte jedoch nicht den Schluss ziehen:
paper C is the strongest evidence for a particular neuroscience hypothesisEin separates Forschungs-Repository, Research MCP, oder ein menschlicher Forscher kann diese Interpretation vornehmen.
Diese Trennung ermöglicht es der Semantic Scholar-Ebene, weiterhin Folgendes zu sein:
deterministisch;
wiederverwendbar;
einfach zu testen;
unabhängig von jedem spezifischen wissenschaftlichen Gebiet;
nutzbar durch verschiedene MCP-Hosts und Agenten.
Nutzung von Semantic Scholar
Dieses Projekt ist für legitime Forschungszwecke gedacht und muss die aktuelle Semantic Scholar API-Lizenz und -Dokumentation einhalten.
Die API-Nutzung sollte:
aktive Ratenlimits respektieren;
Batch-/Massenoperationen verwenden, wo angemessen;
nur benötigte Felder anfordern;
begrenzten exponentiellen Backoff verwenden;
API-Zugangsdaten schützen;
uneingeschränktes API-Crawling vermeiden;
die Datasets-API bevorzugen, wenn wirklich korpusweiter Zugriff erforderlich ist.
Öffentliche Produkte oder Darstellungen, die Antwortdaten von Semantic Scholar verwenden, können zusätzliche Anforderungen an die Quellenangabe haben. Überprüfen Sie die aktuelle Semantic Scholar-Lizenz, bevor Sie eine öffentlich sichtbare Datenpräsentation hinzufügen.
Siehe AGENTS.md für die normativen Entwicklungs- und API-Nutzungsregeln für dieses Repository.
Available Tools
10 toolsget_authorC
Get one Semantic Scholar author by author ID.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| fields | No | ||
| author_id | Yes |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations provided, the description carries the full burden of behavioral disclosure. It only says 'Get one author' and does not mention what happens on missing IDs, what fields are returned, rate limits, or any side effects. The behavior is minimally implied but not detailed.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single, terse sentence with no wasted words. It is appropriately concise for the scope, though it sacrifices detail for brevity. The structure is clean and front-loaded with the key action.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
For a tool with two parameters, no annotations, and an output schema (not shown), the description is too sparse. It fails to explain the fields parameter, usage context, or any behavioral nuances, leaving an agent with incomplete information to call it correctly.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate. It clarifies that author_id is used to identify the author, but completely omits any explanation of the 'fields' parameter—its purpose, allowed values, or format. With two parameters, this is a significant gap.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description clearly states the verb 'Get', the resource 'Semantic Scholar author', and the identifier 'author ID'. It distinguishes this from siblings like get_authors (plural) and search_authors (search-based), so an agent can easily tell it apart.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
The description gives no explicit guidance on when to use this tool versus alternatives like search_authors or get_authors. There is no mention of conditions such as 'when you have a known author ID' or exclusions, leaving usage to inference.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_author_papersC
Get one page of papers associated with a Semantic Scholar author.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| limit | No | ||
| fields | No | ||
| offset | No | ||
| author_id | Yes | ||
| publication_date_or_year | No |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
No annotations are provided, so the description carries the full behavioral disclosure burden. It usefully reveals pagination behavior ('one page'), but it leaves the meaning of 'associated' ambiguous (authored, co-authored, or cited?) and says nothing about ordering, rate limits, authentication, or failure behavior.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
A single 10-word sentence that front-loads the verb and resource. It is efficiently sized for a straightforward tool, though its brevity comes at the cost of the semantic gaps noted in other dimensions.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
With 5 parameters at 0% schema coverage, overlapping siblings, and no annotations, the description is too thin to fully support correct invocation. An output schema exists, which spares it from documenting return values, but parameter semantics and tool-selection context remain unaddressed.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0% with 5 parameters, yet the description explains none of them. While names like author_id, limit, and offset are somewhat self-explanatory, the meaning and format of fields and publication_date_or_year are completely unexplained, and the description adds no value beyond the bare schema.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description states a specific verb and resource ('Get one page of papers associated with a Semantic Scholar author') that clearly distinguishes it from author-lookup siblings like get_author and search_authors. However, it does not explicitly differentiate from paper-lookup siblings like get_papers or search_papers, which could also be selected for fetching papers.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
No guidance is given on when to use this tool versus alternatives such as get_papers, search_papers, or search_papers_relevance. With a sibling list full of overlapping paper-fetching tools, the absence of any selection criteria or exclusions leaves the agent to guess.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_authorsB
Batch-get up to 1000 Semantic Scholar author IDs.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| fields | No | ||
| author_ids | Yes |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | Yes |
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations, the description carries the behavioral disclosure burden. It does disclose two useful traits: the operation is batched and capped at 1000 IDs. However, it says nothing about handling of missing or invalid IDs, result ordering, rate limits, or authentication, leaving significant behavior unspecified.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
A single front-loaded sentence with no filler; the batch limit is placed prominently and every word contributes. It is concise without being empty.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
Insufficient for a tool with no annotations and no per-parameter documentation. The output schema may cover return shape, but the agent still lacks when-to-use guidance, understanding of the fields parameter, and failure behavior expectations.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate. It does not: 'author IDs' only restates the author_ids property, and the optional fields parameter is completely unexplained even though it likely controls which author attributes are returned.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description supplies a specific verb ('Batch-get'), a resource (Semantic Scholar authors), and a batch-size limit (1000), so the core operation is clear. It does not explicitly differentiate from the sibling get_author or search_authors, and 'author IDs' is slightly ambiguous as to whether IDs are the input or the returned objects.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
There is no guidance about when to use this tool versus get_author (single author) or search_authors (find authors by query). 'Batch' hints at multiple IDs, but no explicit conditions, preconditions, or alternatives are stated.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_citationsC
Get one page of papers that cite the requested paper.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| limit | No | ||
| fields | No | ||
| offset | No | ||
| paper_id | Yes | ||
| publication_date_or_year | No |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
No annotations are provided, so the description carries the full burden. It mentions pagination ('one page') but does not disclose behavior such as default limit, offset semantics, field filtering, or whether results are sorted. For a read tool, this is a moderate gap.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single concise sentence that is front-loaded with the core action. It earns its place but could add a bit more context without becoming bloated.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
With 5 parameters, 0% schema coverage, no annotations, and an output schema present, the description is too thin. It does not explain pagination parameters, field selection, or the output structure, making it incomplete for correct invocation.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate, but it only explains paper_id implicitly. The limit, offset, fields, and publication_date_or_year parameters are not described at all, leaving the agent to guess their semantics.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description states a specific verb ('Get') and resource ('papers that cite the requested paper'), which clearly identifies the tool's function. It does not explicitly distinguish it from siblings like get_references, but the resource is specific enough that an agent can infer the difference.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
No guidance is provided on when to use this tool versus alternatives such as get_references or search_papers. The description implies a use case (fetching citing papers) but does not state exclusions or conditions.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_paperB
Get one paper by Semantic Scholar ID or supported external identifier.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| fields | No | ||
| paper_id | Yes |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
No annotations are provided, so the description carries the full burden for behavioral disclosure. It only says 'get' and gives no information about read-only behavior, external identifier resolution, authentication/rate limits, or failure modes.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single efficient sentence with no filler, and the key scoping information—one paper, by identifier—is front-loaded. Every word contributes to the agent's understanding.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
Since an output schema exists, the return shape does not need to be explained, and the description is adequate for a simple lookup. Still, the fields parameter is left unexplained and there is no guidance on which sibling tools to use for search or batch retrieval, leaving gaps in the full calling context.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
The description adds useful meaning to paper_id by explaining that it accepts either a Semantic Scholar ID or a supported external identifier, which the schema alone does not convey. However, the optional fields parameter is not mentioned at all, and with 0% schema description coverage the description should compensate more fully.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description clearly states a direct fetch of a single paper, keyed by Semantic Scholar ID or supported external identifier. The singular 'one paper' and identifier-based lookup distinguish it from search_papers, but it never explicitly names sibling tools such as get_papers.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
The description implies the tool should be used when an identifier is already known, but it gives no explicit guidance about when not to use it or when to prefer search_papers/get_papers. This is usable guidance but left mostly to inference.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_papersA
Batch-get up to 500 caller-supplied paper identifiers.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| fields | No | ||
| paper_ids | Yes |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
| result | Yes |
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
No annotations are provided, so the description carries the behavioral disclosure burden. It adds a useful constraint ('up to 500') and makes the retrieval semantics inferable from 'batch-get', but it does not mention handling of invalid IDs, over-limit requests, error behavior, or the effect of the optional fields parameter.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single front-loaded sentence that conveys the verb, object, and key constraint with no filler. Every word earns its place and the structure makes the main behavior immediately clear.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
The output schema covers returned values, and paper_ids is clearly described enough for a straightforward batch fetch. However, the optional fields parameter is entirely unexplained and there is no explicit guidance distinguishing this tool from get_paper, so an agent may under-specify the request or choose the wrong sibling.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate. It clarifies that paper_ids are caller-supplied paper identifiers and that the batch is capped at 500, but it says nothing about the fields parameter—its meaning, allowed values, or effect—leaving one of two parameters effectively undocumented.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description names a specific verb ('batch-get'), resource ('papers'), and defining constraints ('up to 500 caller-supplied paper identifiers'). This clearly distinguishes it from the search_* siblings, which do not take caller-supplied paper_ids, and from get_paper, which is the singular variant.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
The phrase 'caller-supplied paper identifiers' signals that this tool is for known IDs rather than search queries, and 'batch' positions it for fetching multiple papers at once. It does not explicitly name get_paper for single lookups or state when not to use this tool, so it stops short of full when/when-not guidance.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
get_referencesC
Get one page of references cited by the requested paper.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| limit | No | ||
| fields | No | ||
| offset | No | ||
| paper_id | Yes |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations provided, the description carries the full burden of behavioral disclosure. It mentions 'one page' which hints at pagination, but does not explain default page size, how offset/limit interact, whether results are sorted, or what happens if the paper has no references. It also does not disclose any rate limits, authentication needs, or side effects (though this is likely a read operation).
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single sentence with no wasted words. It front-loads the core action and resource. However, it is so brief that it misses important parameter and usage details, so it is concise but under-specified.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
Given the tool has 4 parameters, 0% schema coverage, no annotations, and an output schema exists, the description is incomplete. It does not explain pagination parameters, field selection, or how the output is structured. The output schema may help, but the description should at least clarify the meaning of limit, offset, and fields to allow correct invocation.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate for the four parameters. It only clarifies that paper_id identifies the paper whose references are returned. It does not explain limit, offset, or fields. The term 'one page' implies limit/offset but does not define their semantics or defaults. The fields parameter is completely unexplained, leaving the agent to guess what field names are valid.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description states a specific verb ('Get') and resource ('references cited by the requested paper'), and the phrase 'one page' signals pagination. It is clear enough to distinguish from siblings like get_citations, which likely returns citing papers rather than cited references. However, it does not explicitly differentiate from get_paper or get_papers, which could also return reference lists.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
The description gives no guidance on when to use this tool versus alternatives like get_citations or search_papers. It does not mention pagination behavior, how to request more pages, or any context about typical use cases. The only implied usage is that it returns references for a paper, but no exclusions or alternatives are provided.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
search_authorsC
Search authors by name using one offset-paginated request.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| limit | No | ||
| query | Yes | ||
| fields | No | ||
| offset | No |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations provided, the description carries the full burden of behavioral disclosure. It only reveals that this is 'one offset-paginated request' and says nothing about matching semantics, ordering, rate limits, or read-only safety. This is minimal added context beyond the name.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is a single front-loaded sentence with no filler. Every word contributes to the core action, making it structurally clean and appropriately sized for such a simple tool.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
For a tool with no annotations, four parameters, and a sibling set that includes get_authors and get_author, this description is insufficiently complete. An agent still needs to understand pagination behavior, fields semantics, and how this tool differs from the retrieval siblings. The output schema covers return values, but the calling context remains vague.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description needed to explain query, limit, offset, and fields. It only hints that the query is a name and gives no details about field projections, pagination bounds, or how the parameters interact. The description fails to compensate for the schema gap.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description clearly states the verb 'search', the resource 'authors', and the filter 'by name', and it mentions offset pagination. It is distinguishable from siblings such as get_authors, though it does not explicitly contrast them.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
No guidance is provided about when to use search_authors versus get_authors or get_author. There are no conditions, exclusions, or alternative recommendations, leaving the agent to infer the appropriate context.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
search_papersC
Run one token-paginated /paper/search/bulk request.
This endpoint returns up to 1000 papers per upstream call and does not
accept a limit argument. Pass the returned token explicitly for the
next page.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| sort | No | ||
| year | No | ||
| query | Yes | ||
| token | No | ||
| venue | No | ||
| fields | No | ||
| fields_of_study | No | ||
| open_access_pdf | No | ||
| publication_types | No | ||
| min_citation_count | No | ||
| publication_date_or_year | No |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations, the description must carry behavioral disclosure. It does disclose the key pagination behavior: returns up to 1000 papers per call, no limit argument, and requires the token for the next page. However, it does not mention other behaviors like filtering semantics, output format, or any potential side effects. The disclosure is useful but incomplete.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
The description is two sentences with no redundancy. It front-loads the core action and states the pagination constraint efficiently. Every sentence earns its place.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
With 11 parameters and zero schema descriptions, the description is severely under-specified. An agent cannot correctly construct a query without understanding parameters like fields_of_study, publication_types, min_citation_count, and publication_date_or_year. The output schema exists, but the input semantics are nearly absent, making this inadequate for a tool of this complexity.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate. It explains the token parameter via pagination, but the other 10 parameters (query, sort, year, venue, fields, etc.) are left entirely to schema titles, which provide no semantic meaning. The description adds value only for the token, failing to clarify the rest.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description clearly states the action: running a bulk paper search request with pagination. It mentions the specific endpoint and the pagination behavior. However, it does not differentiate from the sibling search_papers_relevance, which likely orders by relevance, leaving ambiguity about when to choose one over the other.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
The description provides no explicit guidance on when to use this tool versus alternatives like search_papers_relevance or get_papers. It only implies bulk retrieval via the word 'bulk', but does not state conditions for selection or exclusion.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
search_papers_relevanceB
Run one relevance-ranked /paper/search request.
Relevance search is limited by Semantic Scholar to 100 results per call and 1000 relevance-ranked results total.
| Name | Required | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| year | No | ||
| limit | No | ||
| query | Yes | ||
| venue | No | ||
| fields | No | ||
| offset | No | ||
| fields_of_study | No | ||
| open_access_pdf | No | ||
| publication_types | No | ||
| min_citation_count | No | ||
| publication_date_or_year | No |
Output Schema
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
No output parameters | ||
TDQS
Does the description disclose side effects, auth requirements, rate limits, or destructive behavior?
With no annotations, the description must carry behavioral disclosure. It does disclose important limits (100 per call, 1000 total), which is useful. However, it omits other behavioral traits such as authentication requirements, side effects, or that it's a read operation, leaving gaps.
Agents need to know what a tool does to the world before calling it. Descriptions should go beyond structured annotations to explain consequences.
Is the description appropriately sized, front-loaded, and free of redundancy?
Two sentences with no fluff, purpose front-loaded, and the limit context stated efficiently. Excellent structure for the information provided.
Shorter descriptions cost fewer tokens and are easier for agents to parse. Every sentence should earn its place.
Given the tool's complexity, does the description cover enough for an agent to succeed on first attempt?
The tool has 11 parameters with no schema descriptions and no output schema details in the description. The only contextual info is the result limits. Given the complexity, this is incomplete for correct usage; an agent would struggle with valid values for fields like publication_types or fields_of_study.
Complex tools with many parameters or behaviors need more documentation. Simple tools need less. This dimension scales expectations accordingly.
Does the description clarify parameter syntax, constraints, interactions, or defaults beyond what the schema provides?
Schema description coverage is 0%, so the description must compensate for parameter meaning. It provides no information about any of the 11 parameters, leaving agents to guess from names alone. This is a significant gap.
Input schemas describe structure but not intent. Descriptions should explain non-obvious parameter relationships and valid value ranges.
Does the description clearly state what the tool does and how it differs from similar tools?
The description clearly states the tool runs a relevance-ranked /paper/search request, specifying the verb and resource. It distinguishes from siblings through the 'relevance-ranked' qualifier, though it does not explicitly name the alternative search tool.
Agents choose between tools based on descriptions. A clear purpose with a specific verb and resource helps agents select the right tool.
Does the description explain when to use this tool, when not to, or what alternatives exist?
No guidance is given on when to use this tool versus alternatives like search_papers. The description only mentions limits, not the selection criteria based on relevance needs.
Agents often have multiple tools that could apply. Explicit usage guidance like "use X instead of Y when Z" prevents misuse.
Tool Schema Changelog
Recent tool additions, removals, and schema changes observed during successful MCP inspections.
10 tool updates
v0.2.3- First observed
get_author - First observed
get_author_papers - First observed
get_authors - First observed
get_citations - First observed
get_paper - First observed
get_papers - First observed
get_references - First observed
search_authors - First observed
search_papers - First observed
search_papers_relevance
TDQS
Scored across 10 tools
Tools are mostly distinct: get_authors/get_author differ by batch vs single ID, and search_papers vs search_papers_relevance are differentiated by bulk vs relevance-ranked semantics. The only slight confusion is the two search variants, but descriptions clarify their differing endpoints.
Naming follows a consistent verb_noun pattern with get_ for retrieval and search_ for querying. search_papers_relevance is a minor deviation from the simple object naming, but it remains readable and predictable.
10 tools is well-scoped for a scholarly search and retrieval API, covering authors, papers, citations, references, and author-paper relationships without unnecessary redundancy.
The surface covers the core academic search workflows: author lookup, single/batch paper retrieval, external ID support, bulk and relevance search, citations, references, and author-associated papers. For a read-only domain, no major gaps are apparent.
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