scaling-considerations.md•27.6 kB
# Scaling Considerations
## Overview
This guide covers strategies for scaling GEPA systems to handle increased load, larger populations, and more complex optimization scenarios while maintaining performance and reliability.
## Horizontal Scaling Architecture
### Distributed Evolution Engine
```typescript
interface DistributedEvolutionConfig {
nodes: NodeConfig[];
coordinatorNode: string;
taskDistributionStrategy: 'round-robin' | 'capability-based' | 'load-balanced';
communicationProtocol: 'grpc' | 'message-queue' | 'http';
faultTolerance: boolean;
}
interface NodeConfig {
id: string;
endpoint: string;
capabilities: string[];
maxConcurrentEvaluations: number;
resources: {
cpu: number;
memory: number;
gpu?: boolean;
};
}
class DistributedEvolutionEngine {
private nodes = new Map<string, NodeClient>();
private coordinator: EvolutionCoordinator;
private taskDistributor: TaskDistributor;
private faultManager: FaultManager;
constructor(private config: DistributedEvolutionConfig) {
this.coordinator = new EvolutionCoordinator(config.coordinatorNode);
this.taskDistributor = new TaskDistributor(config.taskDistributionStrategy);
this.faultManager = new FaultManager(config.faultTolerance);
this.initializeNodes();
}
async startDistributedEvolution(params: EvolutionParams): Promise<EvolutionResult> {
const globalPopulation = await this.initializeGlobalPopulation(params);
const evolutionState = new GlobalEvolutionState(globalPopulation);
for (let generation = 0; generation < params.maxGenerations; generation++) {
// Distribute population across nodes
const nodeAssignments = await this.distributePopulation(
evolutionState.getCurrentPopulation()
);
// Execute generation in parallel across nodes
const generationResults = await this.executeDistributedGeneration(
nodeAssignments,
generation
);
// Merge results and update global state
await this.mergeGenerationResults(evolutionState, generationResults);
// Check for convergence
if (await this.checkGlobalConvergence(evolutionState)) {
break;
}
// Handle node failures and rebalancing
await this.handleNodeFailures();
}
return this.compileFinalResult(evolutionState);
}
private async distributePopulation(
population: PromptCandidate[]
): Promise<Map<string, PromptCandidate[]>> {
const assignments = new Map<string, PromptCandidate[]>();
const availableNodes = Array.from(this.nodes.keys()).filter(
nodeId => this.faultManager.isNodeHealthy(nodeId)
);
switch (this.config.taskDistributionStrategy) {
case 'round-robin':
return this.distributeRoundRobin(population, availableNodes);
case 'capability-based':
return this.distributeByCapability(population, availableNodes);
case 'load-balanced':
return this.distributeByLoad(population, availableNodes);
default:
throw new Error(`Unknown distribution strategy: ${this.config.taskDistributionStrategy}`);
}
}
private async executeDistributedGeneration(
nodeAssignments: Map<string, PromptCandidate[]>,
generation: number
): Promise<Map<string, GenerationResult>> {
const generationPromises = Array.from(nodeAssignments.entries()).map(
async ([nodeId, candidates]) => {
const node = this.nodes.get(nodeId)!;
try {
const result = await node.executeGeneration({
candidates,
generation,
globalState: this.getRelevantGlobalState(nodeId)
});
return [nodeId, result] as [string, GenerationResult];
} catch (error) {
// Handle node failure
await this.faultManager.handleNodeFailure(nodeId, error);
// Redistribute work to healthy nodes
return this.redistributeWork(nodeId, candidates, generation);
}
}
);
const results = await Promise.allSettled(generationPromises);
const successfulResults = new Map<string, GenerationResult>();
results.forEach(result => {
if (result.status === 'fulfilled') {
const [nodeId, generationResult] = result.value;
successfulResults.set(nodeId, generationResult);
}
});
return successfulResults;
}
}
```
### Node Communication Layer
```typescript
class NodeClient {
private grpcClient: GRPCClient;
private httpClient: HTTPClient;
private mqClient: MessageQueueClient;
constructor(
private nodeConfig: NodeConfig,
private protocol: 'grpc' | 'http' | 'message-queue'
) {
this.initializeClients();
}
async executeGeneration(request: GenerationRequest): Promise<GenerationResult> {
const timeout = this.calculateTimeout(request.candidates.length);
switch (this.protocol) {
case 'grpc':
return this.executeViaGRPC(request, timeout);
case 'http':
return this.executeViaHTTP(request, timeout);
case 'message-queue':
return this.executeViaMQ(request, timeout);
}
}
private async executeViaGRPC(
request: GenerationRequest,
timeout: number
): Promise<GenerationResult> {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const call = this.grpcClient.executeGeneration(request, {
deadline: Date.now() + timeout
});
call.on('data', (response) => {
resolve(response);
});
call.on('error', (error) => {
reject(error);
});
call.on('end', () => {
// Handle stream end
});
});
}
private async executeViaHTTP(
request: GenerationRequest,
timeout: number
): Promise<GenerationResult> {
const response = await this.httpClient.post('/execute-generation', {
data: request,
timeout: timeout,
retry: {
retries: 2,
retryDelay: 1000
}
});
return response.data;
}
private async executeViaMQ(
request: GenerationRequest,
timeout: number
): Promise<GenerationResult> {
const requestId = this.generateRequestId();
const responseQueue = `response-${requestId}`;
// Send request
await this.mqClient.publish('generation-requests', {
...request,
requestId,
responseQueue
});
// Wait for response
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const timer = setTimeout(() => {
reject(new Error('Request timeout'));
}, timeout);
this.mqClient.subscribe(responseQueue, (message) => {
clearTimeout(timer);
resolve(message.data);
});
});
}
}
```
## Load Balancing Strategies
### Adaptive Load Balancer
```typescript
class AdaptiveLoadBalancer {
private nodeMetrics = new Map<string, NodeMetrics>();
private loadHistory = new Map<string, number[]>();
private adaptationInterval: NodeJS.Timeout;
constructor(private adaptationPeriod = 30000) {
this.startAdaptation();
}
selectNode(
task: EvaluationTask,
availableNodes: string[]
): string {
const candidates = availableNodes.filter(nodeId =>
this.canHandleTask(nodeId, task)
);
if (candidates.length === 0) {
throw new Error('No suitable nodes available');
}
return this.selectOptimalNode(candidates, task);
}
private selectOptimalNode(nodes: string[], task: EvaluationTask): string {
const scores = nodes.map(nodeId => {
const metrics = this.nodeMetrics.get(nodeId);
if (!metrics) return { nodeId, score: 0 };
// Calculate composite score based on multiple factors
const cpuScore = 1 - metrics.cpuUtilization;
const memoryScore = 1 - metrics.memoryUtilization;
const queueScore = 1 - (metrics.queueLength / metrics.maxQueueSize);
const performanceScore = metrics.averageResponseTime > 0
? 1 / metrics.averageResponseTime
: 1;
// Weight factors based on task requirements
const taskWeight = this.getTaskWeight(task);
const score = (
cpuScore * taskWeight.cpu +
memoryScore * taskWeight.memory +
queueScore * taskWeight.queue +
performanceScore * taskWeight.performance
) / 4;
return { nodeId, score };
});
// Select node with highest score
scores.sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score);
return scores[0].nodeId;
}
updateNodeMetrics(nodeId: string, metrics: NodeMetrics): void {
this.nodeMetrics.set(nodeId, metrics);
// Update load history for adaptation
const history = this.loadHistory.get(nodeId) || [];
history.push(metrics.cpuUtilization);
if (history.length > 100) {
history.shift();
}
this.loadHistory.set(nodeId, history);
}
private startAdaptation(): void {
this.adaptationInterval = setInterval(() => {
this.adaptLoadBalancing();
}, this.adaptationPeriod);
}
private adaptLoadBalancing(): void {
// Analyze load patterns and adjust balancing strategy
for (const [nodeId, history] of this.loadHistory) {
const trend = this.calculateTrend(history);
if (trend.slope > 0.1) {
// Node load increasing - reduce assignments
this.adjustNodeWeight(nodeId, -0.1);
} else if (trend.slope < -0.1) {
// Node load decreasing - can handle more
this.adjustNodeWeight(nodeId, 0.1);
}
}
}
}
```
### Circuit Breaker Pattern
```typescript
class NodeCircuitBreaker {
private state: 'CLOSED' | 'OPEN' | 'HALF_OPEN' = 'CLOSED';
private failures = 0;
private lastFailureTime = 0;
private successCount = 0;
constructor(
private failureThreshold = 5,
private timeout = 60000,
private successThreshold = 3
) {}
async execute<T>(operation: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
if (this.state === 'OPEN') {
if (Date.now() - this.lastFailureTime < this.timeout) {
throw new Error('Circuit breaker is OPEN');
} else {
this.state = 'HALF_OPEN';
this.successCount = 0;
}
}
try {
const result = await operation();
this.onSuccess();
return result;
} catch (error) {
this.onFailure();
throw error;
}
}
private onSuccess(): void {
this.failures = 0;
if (this.state === 'HALF_OPEN') {
this.successCount++;
if (this.successCount >= this.successThreshold) {
this.state = 'CLOSED';
}
}
}
private onFailure(): void {
this.failures++;
this.lastFailureTime = Date.now();
if (this.failures >= this.failureThreshold) {
this.state = 'OPEN';
}
}
getState(): string {
return this.state;
}
reset(): void {
this.state = 'CLOSED';
this.failures = 0;
this.successCount = 0;
}
}
```
## Resource Management
### Dynamic Resource Allocation
```typescript
class DynamicResourceManager {
private resourcePools = new Map<string, ResourcePool>();
private allocationHistory: AllocationEvent[] = [];
private optimizer: ResourceOptimizer;
constructor() {
this.optimizer = new ResourceOptimizer();
this.startResourceMonitoring();
}
async allocateResources(
request: ResourceRequest
): Promise<ResourceAllocation> {
const availableResources = await this.getAvailableResources();
const allocation = await this.optimizer.optimize(request, availableResources);
if (!allocation) {
// Try to free up resources
await this.triggerResourceCleanup();
const retryAllocation = await this.optimizer.optimize(request, availableResources);
if (!retryAllocation) {
throw new Error('Insufficient resources available');
}
return retryAllocation;
}
await this.reserveResources(allocation);
this.trackAllocation(allocation);
return allocation;
}
async releaseResources(allocationId: string): Promise<void> {
const allocation = this.findAllocation(allocationId);
if (allocation) {
await this.returnResources(allocation);
this.trackDeallocation(allocation);
}
}
private async triggerResourceCleanup(): Promise<void> {
// Clean up expired allocations
const expiredAllocations = this.findExpiredAllocations();
await Promise.all(
expiredAllocations.map(allocation => this.releaseResources(allocation.id))
);
// Run garbage collection
if (global.gc) {
global.gc();
}
// Compress in-memory caches
await this.compressInMemoryCaches();
}
private startResourceMonitoring(): void {
setInterval(async () => {
const usage = await this.getCurrentResourceUsage();
// Auto-scale if needed
if (usage.cpu > 0.8 || usage.memory > 0.85) {
await this.triggerAutoScale();
}
// Optimize allocations
await this.optimizeAllocations();
}, 30000); // Every 30 seconds
}
private async triggerAutoScale(): Promise<void> {
// Request additional nodes if available
const scaleRequest = {
type: 'scale-out',
additionalNodes: 2,
reason: 'high-resource-utilization'
};
await this.requestAdditionalResources(scaleRequest);
}
}
```
### Memory Pool Management
```typescript
class MemoryPoolManager {
private pools = new Map<string, MemoryPool>();
private totalAllocated = 0;
private maxMemory: number;
constructor(maxMemoryMB: number) {
this.maxMemory = maxMemoryMB * 1024 * 1024;
this.createDefaultPools();
}
getPool(type: 'candidate' | 'trajectory' | 'analysis' | 'cache'): MemoryPool {
return this.pools.get(type)!;
}
createPool(
name: string,
objectSize: number,
initialSize: number,
maxSize: number
): MemoryPool {
if (this.wouldExceedMemoryLimit(initialSize * objectSize)) {
throw new Error('Would exceed memory limit');
}
const pool = new MemoryPool({
name,
objectSize,
initialSize,
maxSize,
factory: () => this.allocateObject(objectSize),
reset: (obj) => this.resetObject(obj),
destroy: (obj) => this.destroyObject(obj)
});
this.pools.set(name, pool);
this.totalAllocated += initialSize * objectSize;
return pool;
}
private createDefaultPools(): void {
// Candidate pool
this.createPool('candidate', 2048, 100, 1000);
// Trajectory pool
this.createPool('trajectory', 4096, 50, 500);
// Analysis result pool
this.createPool('analysis', 1024, 200, 2000);
// Cache entry pool
this.createPool('cache', 512, 500, 5000);
}
getMemoryStats(): MemoryStats {
const poolStats = new Map<string, PoolStats>();
for (const [name, pool] of this.pools) {
poolStats.set(name, pool.getStats());
}
return {
totalAllocated: this.totalAllocated,
totalAvailable: this.maxMemory,
utilizationPercent: (this.totalAllocated / this.maxMemory) * 100,
poolStats
};
}
cleanup(): void {
for (const pool of this.pools.values()) {
pool.cleanup();
}
}
}
class MemoryPool {
private available: any[] = [];
private allocated = new Set<any>();
private stats: PoolStats;
constructor(private config: PoolConfig) {
this.stats = {
hits: 0,
misses: 0,
allocations: 0,
deallocations: 0,
currentSize: 0,
maxSize: config.maxSize
};
this.preallocate(config.initialSize);
}
acquire(): any {
if (this.available.length > 0) {
const obj = this.available.pop()!;
this.allocated.add(obj);
this.stats.hits++;
return obj;
}
if (this.allocated.size < this.config.maxSize) {
const obj = this.config.factory();
this.allocated.add(obj);
this.stats.misses++;
this.stats.allocations++;
return obj;
}
throw new Error(`Pool '${this.config.name}' exhausted`);
}
release(obj: any): void {
if (!this.allocated.has(obj)) {
throw new Error('Object not from this pool');
}
this.allocated.delete(obj);
this.config.reset(obj);
this.available.push(obj);
this.stats.deallocations++;
}
private preallocate(count: number): void {
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
const obj = this.config.factory();
this.available.push(obj);
this.stats.currentSize++;
}
}
getStats(): PoolStats {
return {
...this.stats,
currentSize: this.allocated.size + this.available.length,
hitRate: this.stats.hits / (this.stats.hits + this.stats.misses) || 0
};
}
}
```
## Data Management at Scale
### Partitioned Storage Strategy
```typescript
class PartitionedDataManager {
private partitions = new Map<string, DataPartition>();
private partitionStrategy: PartitionStrategy;
private rebalancer: PartitionRebalancer;
constructor(strategy: 'time' | 'hash' | 'range' | 'hybrid') {
this.partitionStrategy = this.createStrategy(strategy);
this.rebalancer = new PartitionRebalancer();
this.startRebalancing();
}
async store(trajectory: ExecutionTrajectory): Promise<void> {
const partitionKey = this.partitionStrategy.getPartition(trajectory);
const partition = await this.getOrCreatePartition(partitionKey);
await partition.store(trajectory);
// Check if partition needs splitting
if (partition.size() > this.partitionStrategy.maxPartitionSize) {
await this.splitPartition(partitionKey);
}
}
async query(filter: TrajectoryFilter): Promise<ExecutionTrajectory[]> {
const relevantPartitions = this.partitionStrategy.getRelevantPartitions(filter);
// Execute parallel queries across partitions
const queryPromises = relevantPartitions.map(partitionKey => {
const partition = this.partitions.get(partitionKey);
return partition ? partition.query(filter) : Promise.resolve([]);
});
const results = await Promise.all(queryPromises);
return results.flat();
}
private async splitPartition(partitionKey: string): Promise<void> {
const partition = this.partitions.get(partitionKey);
if (!partition) return;
const data = await partition.getAllData();
const splits = this.partitionStrategy.splitPartition(data);
// Create new partitions
for (const [newKey, splitData] of splits) {
const newPartition = await this.createPartition(newKey);
await newPartition.bulkInsert(splitData);
}
// Remove old partition
await partition.destroy();
this.partitions.delete(partitionKey);
}
private startRebalancing(): void {
setInterval(async () => {
const imbalances = await this.detectImbalances();
for (const imbalance of imbalances) {
await this.rebalancer.rebalance(imbalance);
}
}, 300000); // Every 5 minutes
}
}
```
### Caching Layer Optimization
```typescript
class MultiLevelCache {
private l1Cache: LRUCache<string, any>; // In-memory
private l2Cache: RedisCache; // Distributed
private l3Cache: DatabaseCache; // Persistent
constructor(config: CacheConfig) {
this.l1Cache = new LRUCache({
maxSize: config.l1MaxSize,
ttl: config.l1TTL
});
this.l2Cache = new RedisCache({
connection: config.redisConnection,
ttl: config.l2TTL
});
this.l3Cache = new DatabaseCache({
connection: config.dbConnection,
tableName: 'cache_entries'
});
}
async get(key: string): Promise<any> {
// L1 Cache (fastest)
let value = this.l1Cache.get(key);
if (value !== undefined) {
this.recordCacheHit('l1');
return value;
}
// L2 Cache (fast)
value = await this.l2Cache.get(key);
if (value !== undefined) {
this.l1Cache.set(key, value); // Promote to L1
this.recordCacheHit('l2');
return value;
}
// L3 Cache (persistent)
value = await this.l3Cache.get(key);
if (value !== undefined) {
this.l1Cache.set(key, value); // Promote to L1
await this.l2Cache.set(key, value); // Promote to L2
this.recordCacheHit('l3');
return value;
}
this.recordCacheMiss();
return undefined;
}
async set(key: string, value: any, options?: CacheOptions): Promise<void> {
// Write to all levels
this.l1Cache.set(key, value);
await this.l2Cache.set(key, value, options);
if (options?.persistent) {
await this.l3Cache.set(key, value, options);
}
}
async invalidate(pattern: string): Promise<void> {
// Invalidate across all levels
this.l1Cache.invalidatePattern(pattern);
await this.l2Cache.invalidatePattern(pattern);
await this.l3Cache.invalidatePattern(pattern);
}
async warmup(keys: string[]): Promise<void> {
// Pre-load frequently accessed data
const chunks = this.chunkArray(keys, 100);
for (const chunk of chunks) {
await Promise.all(
chunk.map(key => this.get(key))
);
}
}
}
```
## Performance Monitoring at Scale
### Distributed Metrics Collection
```typescript
class DistributedMetricsCollector {
private localMetrics = new Map<string, MetricValue[]>();
private aggregationService: MetricsAggregationService;
private exportInterval: NodeJS.Timeout;
constructor(private config: MetricsConfig) {
this.aggregationService = new MetricsAggregationService(config.aggregationEndpoint);
this.startExport();
}
record(metricName: string, value: number, labels?: Record<string, string>): void {
const metric: MetricValue = {
name: metricName,
value,
labels: labels || {},
timestamp: Date.now(),
nodeId: this.config.nodeId
};
const metrics = this.localMetrics.get(metricName) || [];
metrics.push(metric);
// Keep only recent metrics
if (metrics.length > 1000) {
metrics.splice(0, metrics.length - 1000);
}
this.localMetrics.set(metricName, metrics);
}
private startExport(): void {
this.exportInterval = setInterval(async () => {
await this.exportMetrics();
}, this.config.exportIntervalMs);
}
private async exportMetrics(): Promise<void> {
const allMetrics = Array.from(this.localMetrics.values()).flat();
if (allMetrics.length === 0) return;
try {
await this.aggregationService.submitMetrics(allMetrics);
// Clear exported metrics
this.localMetrics.clear();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to export metrics:', error);
// Keep metrics for retry
}
}
getLocalStats(): MetricsStats {
const stats: MetricsStats = {
totalMetrics: 0,
metricCounts: new Map(),
memoryUsage: 0
};
for (const [name, metrics] of this.localMetrics) {
stats.totalMetrics += metrics.length;
stats.metricCounts.set(name, metrics.length);
}
// Estimate memory usage
stats.memoryUsage = this.estimateMemoryUsage();
return stats;
}
}
```
### Auto-scaling Logic
```typescript
class AutoScaler {
private scaling = false;
private scaleHistory: ScaleEvent[] = [];
private cooldownPeriod = 300000; // 5 minutes
constructor(
private metricsCollector: MetricsCollector,
private resourceManager: ResourceManager,
private nodeManager: NodeManager
) {
this.startMonitoring();
}
private startMonitoring(): void {
setInterval(async () => {
if (this.scaling || this.isInCooldown()) {
return;
}
const metrics = await this.collectScalingMetrics();
const decision = this.makeScalingDecision(metrics);
if (decision.action !== 'none') {
await this.executeScaling(decision);
}
}, 60000); // Every minute
}
private async collectScalingMetrics(): Promise<ScalingMetrics> {
const nodeMetrics = await this.metricsCollector.getNodeMetrics();
const systemMetrics = await this.metricsCollector.getSystemMetrics();
return {
averageCpuUtilization: this.calculateAverage(nodeMetrics.map(n => n.cpuUtilization)),
averageMemoryUtilization: this.calculateAverage(nodeMetrics.map(n => n.memoryUtilization)),
queueLength: systemMetrics.totalQueueLength,
responseTime: systemMetrics.averageResponseTime,
errorRate: systemMetrics.errorRate,
nodeCount: nodeMetrics.length
};
}
private makeScalingDecision(metrics: ScalingMetrics): ScalingDecision {
// Scale out conditions
if (
metrics.averageCpuUtilization > 0.8 ||
metrics.averageMemoryUtilization > 0.85 ||
metrics.queueLength > 100 ||
metrics.responseTime > 5000
) {
return {
action: 'scale-out',
targetNodes: Math.min(metrics.nodeCount * 2, 20),
reason: 'High resource utilization or performance degradation'
};
}
// Scale in conditions
if (
metrics.averageCpuUtilization < 0.3 &&
metrics.averageMemoryUtilization < 0.4 &&
metrics.queueLength < 10 &&
metrics.nodeCount > 2
) {
return {
action: 'scale-in',
targetNodes: Math.max(Math.floor(metrics.nodeCount / 2), 2),
reason: 'Low resource utilization'
};
}
return { action: 'none', targetNodes: metrics.nodeCount, reason: 'Metrics within normal range' };
}
private async executeScaling(decision: ScalingDecision): Promise<void> {
this.scaling = true;
try {
const currentNodes = await this.nodeManager.getActiveNodes();
const currentCount = currentNodes.length;
if (decision.action === 'scale-out') {
const nodesToAdd = decision.targetNodes - currentCount;
await this.addNodes(nodesToAdd);
} else if (decision.action === 'scale-in') {
const nodesToRemove = currentCount - decision.targetNodes;
await this.removeNodes(nodesToRemove);
}
this.recordScaleEvent(decision);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Scaling operation failed:', error);
} finally {
this.scaling = false;
}
}
private async addNodes(count: number): Promise<void> {
const nodePromises = Array.from({ length: count }, () =>
this.nodeManager.createNode({
type: 'worker',
resources: {
cpu: 2,
memory: 4096
}
})
);
await Promise.all(nodePromises);
}
private async removeNodes(count: number): Promise<void> {
const nodes = await this.nodeManager.getActiveNodes();
// Select nodes with lowest utilization for removal
const candidatesForRemoval = nodes
.sort((a, b) => a.utilization - b.utilization)
.slice(0, count);
await Promise.all(
candidatesForRemoval.map(node => this.nodeManager.gracefulShutdown(node.id))
);
}
private isInCooldown(): boolean {
if (this.scaleHistory.length === 0) return false;
const lastEvent = this.scaleHistory[this.scaleHistory.length - 1];
return Date.now() - lastEvent.timestamp < this.cooldownPeriod;
}
}
```
This comprehensive scaling guide provides the foundation for building GEPA systems that can handle enterprise-scale workloads while maintaining optimal performance and cost-efficiency.