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# Office Open XML Technical Reference for PowerPoint
**Important: Read this entire document before starting.** Critical XML schema rules and formatting requirements are covered throughout. Incorrect implementation can create invalid PPTX files that PowerPoint cannot open.
## Technical Guidelines
### Schema Compliance
- **Element ordering in `<p:txBody>`**: `<a:bodyPr>`, `<a:lstStyle>`, `<a:p>`
- **Whitespace**: Add `xml:space='preserve'` to `<a:t>` elements with leading/trailing spaces
- **Unicode**: Escape characters in ASCII content: `"` becomes `“`
- **Images**: Add to `ppt/media/`, reference in slide XML, set dimensions to fit slide bounds
- **Relationships**: Update `ppt/slides/_rels/slideN.xml.rels` for each slide's resources
- **Dirty attribute**: Add `dirty="0"` to `<a:rPr>` and `<a:endParaRPr>` elements to indicate clean state
## Presentation Structure
### Basic Slide Structure
```xml
<!-- ppt/slides/slide1.xml -->
<p:sld>
<p:cSld>
<p:spTree>
<p:nvGrpSpPr>...</p:nvGrpSpPr>
<p:grpSpPr>...</p:grpSpPr>
<!-- Shapes go here -->
</p:spTree>
</p:cSld>
</p:sld>
```
### Text Box / Shape with Text
```xml
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:cNvPr id="2" name="Title"/>
<p:cNvSpPr>
<a:spLocks noGrp="1"/>
</p:cNvSpPr>
<p:nvPr>
<p:ph type="ctrTitle"/>
</p:nvPr>
</p:nvSpPr>
<p:spPr>
<a:xfrm>
<a:off x="838200" y="365125"/>
<a:ext cx="7772400" cy="1470025"/>
</a:xfrm>
</p:spPr>
<p:txBody>
<a:bodyPr/>
<a:lstStyle/>
<a:p>
<a:r>
<a:t>Slide Title</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
</p:txBody>
</p:sp>
```
### Text Formatting
```xml
<!-- Bold -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr b="1"/>
<a:t>Bold Text</a:t>
</a:r>
<!-- Italic -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr i="1"/>
<a:t>Italic Text</a:t>
</a:r>
<!-- Underline -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr u="sng"/>
<a:t>Underlined</a:t>
</a:r>
<!-- Highlight -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr>
<a:highlight>
<a:srgbClr val="FFFF00"/>
</a:highlight>
</a:rPr>
<a:t>Highlighted Text</a:t>
</a:r>
<!-- Font and Size -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr sz="2400" typeface="Arial">
<a:solidFill>
<a:srgbClr val="FF0000"/>
</a:solidFill>
</a:rPr>
<a:t>Colored Arial 24pt</a:t>
</a:r>
<!-- Complete formatting example -->
<a:r>
<a:rPr lang="en-US" sz="1400" b="1" dirty="0">
<a:solidFill>
<a:srgbClr val="FAFAFA"/>
</a:solidFill>
</a:rPr>
<a:t>Formatted text</a:t>
</a:r>
```
### Lists
```xml
<!-- Bullet list -->
<a:p>
<a:pPr lvl="0">
<a:buChar char="•"/>
</a:pPr>
<a:r>
<a:t>First bullet point</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
<!-- Numbered list -->
<a:p>
<a:pPr lvl="0">
<a:buAutoNum type="arabicPeriod"/>
</a:pPr>
<a:r>
<a:t>First numbered item</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
<!-- Second level indent -->
<a:p>
<a:pPr lvl="1">
<a:buChar char="•"/>
</a:pPr>
<a:r>
<a:t>Indented bullet</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
```
### Shapes
```xml
<!-- Rectangle -->
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:cNvPr id="3" name="Rectangle"/>
<p:cNvSpPr/>
<p:nvPr/>
</p:nvSpPr>
<p:spPr>
<a:xfrm>
<a:off x="1000000" y="1000000"/>
<a:ext cx="3000000" cy="2000000"/>
</a:xfrm>
<a:prstGeom prst="rect">
<a:avLst/>
</a:prstGeom>
<a:solidFill>
<a:srgbClr val="FF0000"/>
</a:solidFill>
<a:ln w="25400">
<a:solidFill>
<a:srgbClr val="000000"/>
</a:solidFill>
</a:ln>
</p:spPr>
</p:sp>
<!-- Rounded Rectangle -->
<p:sp>
<p:spPr>
<a:prstGeom prst="roundRect">
<a:avLst/>
</a:prstGeom>
</p:spPr>
</p:sp>
<!-- Circle/Ellipse -->
<p:sp>
<p:spPr>
<a:prstGeom prst="ellipse">
<a:avLst/>
</a:prstGeom>
</p:spPr>
</p:sp>
```
### Images
```xml
<p:pic>
<p:nvPicPr>
<p:cNvPr id="4" name="Picture">
<a:hlinkClick r:id="" action="ppaction://media"/>
</p:cNvPr>
<p:cNvPicPr>
<a:picLocks noChangeAspect="1"/>
</p:cNvPicPr>
<p:nvPr/>
</p:nvPicPr>
<p:blipFill>
<a:blip r:embed="rId2"/>
<a:stretch>
<a:fillRect/>
</a:stretch>
</p:blipFill>
<p:spPr>
<a:xfrm>
<a:off x="1000000" y="1000000"/>
<a:ext cx="3000000" cy="2000000"/>
</a:xfrm>
<a:prstGeom prst="rect">
<a:avLst/>
</a:prstGeom>
</p:spPr>
</p:pic>
```
### Tables
```xml
<p:graphicFrame>
<p:nvGraphicFramePr>
<p:cNvPr id="5" name="Table"/>
<p:cNvGraphicFramePr>
<a:graphicFrameLocks noGrp="1"/>
</p:cNvGraphicFramePr>
<p:nvPr/>
</p:nvGraphicFramePr>
<p:xfrm>
<a:off x="1000000" y="1000000"/>
<a:ext cx="6000000" cy="2000000"/>
</p:xfrm>
<a:graphic>
<a:graphicData uri="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/table">
<a:tbl>
<a:tblGrid>
<a:gridCol w="3000000"/>
<a:gridCol w="3000000"/>
</a:tblGrid>
<a:tr h="500000">
<a:tc>
<a:txBody>
<a:bodyPr/>
<a:lstStyle/>
<a:p>
<a:r>
<a:t>Cell 1</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
</a:txBody>
</a:tc>
<a:tc>
<a:txBody>
<a:bodyPr/>
<a:lstStyle/>
<a:p>
<a:r>
<a:t>Cell 2</a:t>
</a:r>
</a:p>
</a:txBody>
</a:tc>
</a:tr>
</a:tbl>
</a:graphicData>
</a:graphic>
</p:graphicFrame>
```
### Slide Layouts
```xml
<!-- Title Slide Layout -->
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:nvPr>
<p:ph type="ctrTitle"/>
</p:nvPr>
</p:nvSpPr>
<!-- Title content -->
</p:sp>
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:nvPr>
<p:ph type="subTitle" idx="1"/>
</p:nvPr>
</p:nvSpPr>
<!-- Subtitle content -->
</p:sp>
<!-- Content Slide Layout -->
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:nvPr>
<p:ph type="title"/>
</p:nvPr>
</p:nvSpPr>
<!-- Slide title -->
</p:sp>
<p:sp>
<p:nvSpPr>
<p:nvPr>
<p:ph type="body" idx="1"/>
</p:nvPr>
</p:nvSpPr>
<!-- Content body -->
</p:sp>
```
## File Updates
When adding content, update these files:
**`ppt/_rels/presentation.xml.rels`:**
```xml
<Relationship Id="rId1" Type="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/slide" Target="slides/slide1.xml"/>
<Relationship Id="rId2" Type="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/slideMaster" Target="slideMasters/slideMaster1.xml"/>
```
**`ppt/slides/_rels/slide1.xml.rels`:**
```xml
<Relationship Id="rId1" Type="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/slideLayout" Target="../slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xml"/>
<Relationship Id="rId2" Type="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships/image" Target="../media/image1.png"/>
```
**`[Content_Types].xml`:**
```xml
<Default Extension="png" ContentType="image/png"/>
<Default Extension="jpg" ContentType="image/jpeg"/>
<Override PartName="/ppt/slides/slide1.xml" ContentType="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slide+xml"/>
```
**`ppt/presentation.xml`:**
```xml
<p:sldIdLst>
<p:sldId id="256" r:id="rId1"/>
<p:sldId id="257" r:id="rId2"/>
</p:sldIdLst>
```
**`docProps/app.xml`:** Update slide count and statistics
```xml
<Slides>2</Slides>
<Paragraphs>10</Paragraphs>
<Words>50</Words>
```
## Slide Operations
### Adding a New Slide
When adding a slide to the end of the presentation:
1. **Create the slide file** (`ppt/slides/slideN.xml`)
2. **Update `[Content_Types].xml`**: Add Override for the new slide
3. **Update `ppt/_rels/presentation.xml.rels`**: Add relationship for the new slide
4. **Update `ppt/presentation.xml`**: Add slide ID to `<p:sldIdLst>`
5. **Create slide relationships** (`ppt/slides/_rels/slideN.xml.rels`) if needed
6. **Update `docProps/app.xml`**: Increment slide count and update statistics (if present)
### Duplicating a Slide
1. Copy the source slide XML file with a new name
2. Update all IDs in the new slide to be unique
3. Follow the "Adding a New Slide" steps above
4. **CRITICAL**: Remove or update any notes slide references in `_rels` files
5. Remove references to unused media files
### Reordering Slides
1. **Update `ppt/presentation.xml`**: Reorder `<p:sldId>` elements in `<p:sldIdLst>`
2. The order of `<p:sldId>` elements determines slide order
3. Keep slide IDs and relationship IDs unchanged
Example:
```xml
<!-- Original order -->
<p:sldIdLst>
<p:sldId id="256" r:id="rId2"/>
<p:sldId id="257" r:id="rId3"/>
<p:sldId id="258" r:id="rId4"/>
</p:sldIdLst>
<!-- After moving slide 3 to position 2 -->
<p:sldIdLst>
<p:sldId id="256" r:id="rId2"/>
<p:sldId id="258" r:id="rId4"/>
<p:sldId id="257" r:id="rId3"/>
</p:sldIdLst>
```
### Deleting a Slide
1. **Remove from `ppt/presentation.xml`**: Delete the `<p:sldId>` entry
2. **Remove from `ppt/_rels/presentation.xml.rels`**: Delete the relationship
3. **Remove from `[Content_Types].xml`**: Delete the Override entry
4. **Delete files**: Remove `ppt/slides/slideN.xml` and `ppt/slides/_rels/slideN.xml.rels`
5. **Update `docProps/app.xml`**: Decrement slide count and update statistics
6. **Clean up unused media**: Remove orphaned images from `ppt/media/`
Note: Don't renumber remaining slides - keep their original IDs and filenames.
## Common Errors to Avoid
- **Encodings**: Escape unicode characters in ASCII content: `"` becomes `“`
- **Images**: Add to `ppt/media/` and update relationship files
- **Lists**: Omit bullets from list headers
- **IDs**: Use valid hexadecimal values for UUIDs
- **Themes**: Check all themes in `theme` directory for colors
## Validation Checklist for Template-Based Presentations
### Before Packing, Always:
- **Clean unused resources**: Remove unreferenced media, fonts, and notes directories
- **Fix Content_Types.xml**: Declare ALL slides, layouts, and themes present in the package
- **Fix relationship IDs**:
- Remove font embed references if not using embedded fonts
- **Remove broken references**: Check all `_rels` files for references to deleted resources
### Common Template Duplication Pitfalls:
- Multiple slides referencing the same notes slide after duplication
- Image/media references from template slides that no longer exist
- Font embedding references when fonts aren't included
- Missing slideLayout declarations for layouts 12-25
- docProps directory may not unpack - this is optional