kospell

<div id="content" class="content ko002"> <!-- util --> <div class="util"> <button type="button" class="zoom-out" disabled="">zoom out</button> <button type="button" class="zoom-in">zoom in</button> </div> <!-- //util --> <div class="heading heading-depth01"> <h2 class="title">Romanization of Korean</h2> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth02"> <h3 class="title">1. Basic Principles for Transcription</h3> </div> <p class="desc"> (1) Romanization is based on standard Korean pronunciation.<br>(2) No symbols except Roman letters are used so far as possible. </p> <div class="heading heading-depth02"> <h3 class="title">2. Summary of the Transcription System</h3> </div> <p class="desc"> (1) Vowels are transcribed as follows : </p> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Simple vowels</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Simple vowels (ㅏ, ㅓ, ㅗ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅚ, ㅟ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㅏ</th> <th scope="col">ㅓ</th> <th scope="col">ㅗ</th> <th scope="col">ㅜ</th> <th scope="col">ㅡ</th> <th scope="col">ㅣ</th> <th scope="col">ㅐ</th> <th scope="col">ㅔ</th> <th scope="col">ㅚ</th> <th scope="col">ㅟ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">a</td> <td class="alignC">eo</td> <td class="alignC">o</td> <td class="alignC">u</td> <td class="alignC">eu</td> <td class="alignC">i</td> <td class="alignC">ae</td> <td class="alignC">e</td> <td class="alignC">oe</td> <td class="alignC">wi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Diphtongs</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Diphtongs (ㅑ, ㅕ, ㅛ, ㅠ, ㅒ, ㅖ, ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅢ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㅑ</th> <th scope="col">ㅕ</th> <th scope="col">ㅛ</th> <th scope="col">ㅠ</th> <th scope="col">ㅒ</th> <th scope="col">ㅖ</th> <th scope="col">ㅘ</th> <th scope="col">ㅙ</th> <th scope="col">ㅝ</th> <th scope="col">ㅞ</th> <th scope="col">ㅢ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">ya</td> <td class="alignC">yeo</td> <td class="alignC">yo</td> <td class="alignC">yu</td> <td class="alignC">yae</td> <td class="alignC">ye</td> <td class="alignC">wa</td> <td class="alignC">wae</td> <td class="alignC">wo</td> <td class="alignC">we</td> <td class="alignC">ui</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> Note 1: 'ㅢ' is transcribed as <span class="italic">ui</span>, although being pronounced as 'ㅣ'.<br>Note 2: Long vowels are not reflected in transcription.&nbsp; </p> <p class="desc"> (2) Consonants are transcribed as follows : </p> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Plosives (stops)</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Plosives (stops) (ㄱ, ㄲ, ㅋ, ㄷ, ㄸ, ㅌ, ㅂ, ㅃ, ㅍ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㄱ</th> <th scope="col">ㄲ</th> <th scope="col">ㅋ</th> <th scope="col">ㄷ</th> <th scope="col">ㄸ</th> <th scope="col">ㅌ</th> <th scope="col">ㅂ</th> <th scope="col">ㅃ</th> <th scope="col">ㅍ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">g, k</td> <td class="alignC">kk</td> <td class="alignC">k</td> <td class="alignC">d, t</td> <td class="alignC">tt</td> <td class="alignC">t</td> <td class="alignC">b, p</td> <td class="alignC">pp</td> <td class="alignC">p</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="tableWrap clearFix"> <div class="item"> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Affricates</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Affricates (ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㅈ</th> <th scope="col">ㅉ</th> <th scope="col">ㅊ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">j</td> <td class="alignC">jj</td> <td class="alignC">ch</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Fricatives</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Fricatives (ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅎ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㅅ</th> <th scope="col">ㅆ</th> <th scope="col">ㅎ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">s</td> <td class="alignC">ss</td> <td class="alignC">h</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Nasals</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Nasals (ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅇ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㄴ</th> <th scope="col">ㅁ</th> <th scope="col">ㅇ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">n</td> <td class="alignC">m</td> <td class="alignC">ng</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="item last"> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Liquids</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Liquids (ㄹ)</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ㄹ</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="alignC">r, l</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <p class="desc"> Note 1 : The sounds <span class="italic">ㄱ</span>, <span class="italic">ㄷ</span>, and <span class="italic">ㅂ</span> are transcribed respectively as <span class="italic">g</span>, <span class="italic">d</span>, and <span class="italic">b</span> before a vowel; they are transcribed as <span class="italic">k</span>, <span class="italic">t</span>, and <span class="italic">p</span> when they appear before another consonant or as the last sound of a word. (They are transcribed as pronunciation in [ ].) </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The sounds ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅂ (구미, 영동, 백암, 옥천, 합덕, 호법, 월곶, 벚꽃, 한밭)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">구미</th> <td class="alignC">Gumi</td> <th scope="row">영동</th> <td class="alignC">Yeongdong</td> <th scope="row">백암</th> <td class="alignC">Baegam</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">옥천</th> <td class="alignC">Okcheon</td> <th scope="row">합덕</th> <td class="alignC">Hapdeok</td> <th scope="row">호법</th> <td class="alignC">Hobeop</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">월곶[월곧]</th> <td class="alignC">Wolgot</td> <th scope="row">벚꽃[벋꼳]</th> <td class="alignC">beotkkot</td> <th scope="row">한밭[한받]</th> <td class="alignC">Hanbat</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> Note 2 : <span class="italic">ㄹ</span> is transcribed as r before a vowel, and as <span class="italic">l</span> before a consonant or at the end of a word: <span class="italic">ㄹㄹ</span> is transcribed as <span class="italic">ll</span>. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The sounds ㄹ, ㄹㄹ (구리, 설악, 칠곡, 임실, 울릉, 대관령)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">구리</th> <td class="alignC">Guri</td> <th scope="row">설악</th> <td class="alignC">Seorak</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">칠곡</th> <td class="alignC">Chilgok</td> <th scope="row">임실</th> <td class="alignC">Imsil</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">울릉</th> <td class="alignC">Ulleung</td> <th scope="row">대관령[대괄령]</th> <td class="alignC">Daegwallyeong</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth02"> <h3 class="title">3. Special Provisions for Transcription&nbsp;</h3> </div> <p class="desc"> (1) When Korean sound values change as in the following cases, the results of those changes are transcribed as follows: </p> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">The case of assimilation of adjacent consonants</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The case of assimilation of adjacent consonants (백마, 신문로, 종로, 왕십리, 별내, 신라)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">백마[뱅마]</th> <td class="alignC">Baengma</td> <th scope="row">신문로[신문노]</th> <td class="alignC">Sinmunno</td> <th scope="row">종로[종노]</th> <td class="alignC">Jongno</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">왕십리[왕심니]</th> <td class="alignC">Wangsimni</td> <th scope="row">별내[별래]</th> <td class="alignC">Byeollae</td> <th scope="row">신라[실라]</th> <td class="alignC">Silla</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">The case of the epenthetic <b class="italic">ㄴ</b> and <b class="italic">ㄹ</b></h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The case of the epenthetic ㄴ and ㄹ (학여울, 알약)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">학여울[항녀울]</th> <td class="alignC">Hangnyeoul</td> <th scope="row">알약[알략]</th> <td class="alignC">allyak</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">The case of palatalization</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The case of palatalization (해돋이, 같이, 굳히다)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">해돋이[해도지]</th> <td class="alignC">haedoji</td> <th scope="row">같이[가치]</th> <td class="alignC">gachi</td> <th scope="row">굳히다[구치다]</th> <td class="alignC">guchida</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">The case when <b class="italic">ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ</b>, and <b class="italic">ㅈ</b> are adjacent to <b class="italic">ㅎ</b></h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The case when ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ are adjacent to ㅎ (좋고, 놓다, 잡혀, 낳지)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">좋고[조코]</th> <td class="alignC">joko</td> <th scope="row">놓다[노타]</th> <td class="alignC">nota</td> <th scope="row">잡혀[자펴]</th> <td class="alignC">japyeo</td> <th scope="row">낳지[나치]</th> <td class="alignC">nachi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc">However, aspirated sounds are not transcribed in case of nouns where <span class="italic">ㅎ</span> follows <span class="italic">ㄱ, ㄷ</span>, and <span class="italic">ㅂ</span>, as in the examples below.</p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The aspirated sounds are not transcribed in case of nouns where ㅎ follows ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅂ, as in the examples below. (묵호, 집현전)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">묵호</th> <td class="alignC">Mukho</td> <th scope="row">집현전</th> <td class="alignC">Jiphyeonjeon</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc">Note: Tense (or glottalized) sounds are not transcribed in cases where morphemes are compounded, as in the examples below.</p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Tense (or glottalized) sounds are not transcribed in cases where morphemes are compounded (압구정, 낙동강, 죽변, 낙성대, 합정, 팔당, 샛별, 울산)</caption> <colgroup> <col style="width:97px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:97px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:97px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:97px"> <col style="width:auto"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">압구정</th> <td class="alignC">Apgujeong</td> <th scope="row">낙동강</th> <td class="alignC">Nakdonggang</td> <th scope="row">죽변</th> <td class="alignC">Jukbyeon</td> <th scope="row">낙성대</th> <td class="alignC">Nakseongdae</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">합정</th> <td class="alignC">Hapjeong</td> <th scope="row">팔당</th> <td class="alignC">Paldang</td> <th scope="row">샛별</th> <td class="alignC">saetbyeol</td> <th scope="row">울산</th> <td class="alignC">Ulsan</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> (2) When there is the possibility of confusion in pronunciation, a hyphen ‘-’ may be used. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>When there is the possibility of confusion in pronunciation, a hyphen ‘-’ may be used. (중앙, 반구대, 세운, 해운대)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">중앙</th> <td class="alignC">Jung-ang</td> <th scope="row">반구대</th> <td class="alignC">Ban-gudae</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">세운</th> <td class="alignC">Se-un</td> <th scope="row">해운대</th> <td class="alignC">Hae-undae</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> (3) The first letter is capitalized in proper names. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>The first letter is capitalized in proper names. (부산, 세종)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">부산</th> <td class="alignC">Busan</td> <th scope="row">세종</th> <td class="alignC">Sejong</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> (4) Personal names are written by family name first, followed by a space and the given name. As a rule, syllables in given names are not seperated by hyphen, but it is admitted to use a hyphen between syllables. (Transcription in ( &nbsp;) is permitted.) </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Table for personal names (민용하, 송나리)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">민용하</th> <td class="alignC">Min Yongha (Min Yong-ha)</td> <th scope="row">송나리</th> <td class="alignC">Song Nari (Song Na-ri)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Assimilated sound changes between syllables in given names are not transcribed.</h4> </div> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Table for Assimilated sound changes (한복남, 홍빛나)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">한복남</th> <td class="alignC">Han Boknam (Han Bok-nam)</td> <th scope="row">홍빛나</th> <td class="alignC">Hong Bitna (Hong Bit-na)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="heading heading-depth03"> <h4 class="title">Transcriptions of family names will be established additionally.</h4> </div> <p class="desc"> (5) Administrative units such as <span class="italic">도, 시, 군, 구, 읍, 면, 리, 동</span>, and <span class="italic">가</span> are transcribed respectively as <span class="italic">do, si, gun, gu, eup, myeon, ri, dong</span>, and <span class="italic">ga</span>, and are preceded by a hyphen. Assimilated sound changes before and after the hyphen are not transcribed. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>Table for Administrative units (충청북도, 제주도, 의정부시, 양주군, 도봉구, 신창읍, 삼죽면, 인왕리, 당산동, 봉천 1동, 종로 2가, 퇴계로 3가)</caption> <colgroup> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">충청북도</th> <td class="alignC">Chungcheongbuk-do</td> <th scope="row">제주도</th> <td class="alignC">Jeju-do</td> <th scope="row">의정부시</th> <td class="alignC">Uijeongbu-si</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">양주군</th> <td class="alignC">Yangju-gun</td> <th scope="row">도봉구</th> <td class="alignC">Dobong-gu</td> <th scope="row">신창읍</th> <td class="alignC">Sinchang-eup</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">삼죽면</th> <td class="alignC">Samjuk-myeon</td> <th scope="row">인왕리</th> <td class="alignC">Inwang-ri</td> <th scope="row">당산동</th> <td class="alignC">Dangsan-dong</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">봉천1동</th> <td class="alignC">Bongcheon 1(il) -dong</td> <th scope="row">종로 2가</th> <td class="alignC">Jongno 2(i) -ga</td> <th scope="row">퇴계로 3가</th> <td class="alignC">Toegyero 3(sam) -ga</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> Note: The administrative units si, gun, eup may be omitted. </p> <p class="desc"> (6) Names of geographic features, cultural properties, and man-made structures may be written without hyphens. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption> Tablefor Names of geographic features, cultural properties, and man-made structures (남산, 속리산, 금강, 독도, 경복궁, 무량수전, 연화교, 극락전, 안압지, 남한산성, 화랑대, 불국사, 현충사, 독립문, 오죽헌, 촉석루, 종묘, 다보탑)</caption> <colgroup> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> <col style="width:127px"> <col style="width:auto"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">남산</th> <td class="alignC">Namsan</td> <th scope="row">속리산</th> <td class="alignC">Songnisan</td> <th scope="row">금강</th> <td class="alignC">Geumgang</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">독도</th> <td class="alignC">Dokdo</td> <th scope="row">경복궁</th> <td class="alignC">Gyeongbokgung</td> <th scope="row">무량수전</th> <td class="alignC">Muryangsujeon</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">연화교</th> <td class="alignC">Yeonhwagyo</td> <th scope="row">극락전</th> <td class="alignC">Geungnakjeon</td> <th scope="row">안압지</th> <td class="alignC">Anapji</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">남한산성</th> <td class="alignC">Namhansanseong</td> <th scope="row">화랑대</th> <td class="alignC">Hwarangdae</td> <th scope="row">불국사</th> <td class="alignC">Bulguksa</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">현충사</th> <td class="alignC">Hyeonchungsa</td> <th scope="row">독립문</th> <td class="alignC">Dongnimmun</td> <th scope="row">오죽헌</th> <td class="alignC">Ojukheon</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">촉석루</th> <td class="alignC">Chokseongnu</td> <th scope="row">종묘</th> <td class="alignC">Jongmyo</td> <th scope="row">다보탑</th> <td class="alignC">Dabotap</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p class="desc"> (7) Proper names such as personal names and those of companies may be written as they have been so far. </p> <p class="desc"> (8) When it is necessary to convert Romanized Korean back to Hangeul in special cases such as in academic articles, Romanization is done according to Hangeul spelling and not pronunciation. Each Hangeul letter is Romanized as explained in section 2 except that <span class="italic">ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㄹ</span> are always written as <span class="italic">g, d, b, l</span>. When <span class="italic">ㅇ</span> has no sound value, it is replaced by a hyphen.&nbsp;It may also be used when it is necessary to distinguish between syllables. </p> <div class="table table-type01"> <table> <caption>When it is necessary to convert Romanized Korean back to Hangeul in special cases such as in academic articles, Romanization is done according to Hangeul spelling and not pronunciation. (집, 짚, 밖, 값, 붓꽃, 먹는, 독립, 문리, 물엿, 굳이, 좋다, 가곡, 조랑말, 없었습니다.)</caption> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">집</th> <td class="alignC">jib</td> <th scope="row">짚</th> <td class="alignC">jip</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">밖</th> <td class="alignC">bakk</td> <th scope="row">값</th> <td class="alignC">gabs</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">붓꽃</th> <td class="alignC">buskkoch</td> <th scope="row">먹는</th> <td class="alignC">meogneun</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">독립</th> <td class="alignC">doglib</td> <th scope="row">문리</th> <td class="alignC">munli</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">물엿</th> <td class="alignC">mul-yeos</td> <th scope="row">굳이</th> <td class="alignC">gud-i</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">좋다</th> <td class="alignC">johda</td> <th scope="row">가곡</th> <td class="alignC">gagog</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">조랑말</th> <td class="alignC">jolangmal</td> <th scope="row">없었습니다.</th> <td class="alignC">eobs-eoss-seubnida</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div>